Corporate income tax (KSt) – tax for legal entities

Corporate income tax – KSt for short – is usually levied on the income or profit of legal entities domiciled in Germany and is thus complementary to income tax (ESt), which is usually levied on individuals. Taxable persons typically include corporations, associations, cooperatives and foundations. A limitation of corporate income tax comes into play, for example, if the management and headquarters of the legal entity are located abroad. Political entities, federal companies, state banks and social security funds, professional associations and some others are fully exempt from the obligation to pay corporate income tax.

Other taxes for businesses:

• Income tax (ESt)
• Capital gains tax (KapESt)
• Value added tax (VAT)
• Trade tax (GewSt)

If you want to learn more specifically about taxes for real estate companies, you can learn more here:

• Save taxes on real estate

Corporate income tax in detail: collection, levy & allowances

As a corporate tax, corporate income tax counts as a community tax and is levied by both the federal government and the states. The amount of the levy is calculated on the basis of the taxable income, which is the result of the profit less special expenses and extraordinary burdens, and is currently 15 percent plus the solidarity surcharge (SolZ), resulting in an overall tax rate of 15.825 percent. Corporate income tax is payable quarterly on March 10, June 10, September 10 and December 10 in equal instalments as an advance payment and is offset against the actual tax liability at the end of each fiscal year.

Dates for advance payment of corporate income tax:

• March 10
• June 10
• September 10
• December 10

As a rule, the corporate income tax return must be filed by 30 April of the following year at the latest for the preceding tax period. Extensions are possible under certain circumstances. Members of the tax advisory professions are generally subject to different deadlines for filing the corporate income tax return.

Allowances for companies without profit distribution

Companies that do not distribute profits – for example non-profit associations – can benefit from a tax-free allowance of currently 5,000 euros, whereas agricultural and forestry cooperatives and associations may be entitled to a tax-free allowance of 15,000 euros. For companies that record losses within the valid tax period, taxation does not apply at all.

Which companies are subject to corporation tax?

Most legal entities are subject to corporate income tax. All corporations – limited liability companies (GmbH), stock corporations (AG), partnerships limited by shares (KGaA), etc. – as well as cooperatives and business cooperatives are usually affected. In addition, mutual insurance companies and mutual pension fund associations have to meet their corporate income tax obligation, as do institutions, foundations, associations, etc. Commercially active public corporations – for example, transport companies or public utilities – are also affected by corporate income tax.

• Associations
• Institutions
• Foundations
• Corporations
• Acquisition cooperatives
• Business cooperatives
• Mutual insurance companies
• Mutual pension funds
• Commercially active public bodies

Partnerships such as the general partnership (OHG) or the limited partnership (KG) are generally not subject to corporation tax or income tax, but the natural persons and legal entities with partner status belonging to them are. The profit generated by the partnership is subject to uniform and separate determination and is allocated directly to the individual partners in accordance with their legal form: Legal entities must charge their profit shares to corporation tax, natural persons to income tax.

• Partnerships: Legal entities with profit shares

Political parties, professional associations, charitable corporations and federal corporations are generally exempt from corporate income tax.

Overview of company law forms

You can find more information about the different legal forms under the following links. Starting with the sole proprietorship and the registered traders… to the various partnerships and corporations… to other companies such as the family foundation – all the essential aspects of formation, liability, tax burden and more explained simply and understandably! First of all, an overview of the individual legal forms of companies:

• Sole proprietorship (EU)
  • Freelancer
  • Small business
  • Registered traders (e. K.)
• Silent partnerships
• BGB companies / civil law partnership (GbR)
• Partnerships
  • Limited partnership (KG)
  • General partnership (OHG)
  • Limited Liability Company and Company Limited Partnership(GmbH & Co KG)
  • Limited Liability Company and Compagnie General Partnership(GmbH & Co OHG)
• Corporations
  • Stock corporation (AG)
    • AG & Co KGaA
  • Partnership limited by shares (KGaA)
  • Limited liability company (GmbH)
    • GmbH & Co KGaA
  • Entrepreneurial company / UG (limited liability)
  • European Company / Societas Europaea (SE)
    • SE & Co KGaA
• Other companies
  • Foundations / Family Foundations
  • Insurances
  • Partnerships
  • Registered associations (e. V.)
  • Registered cooperatives (e. G.)

Taxes in Germany: List

Corporation tax (KSt), income tax (ESt), capital gains tax (KapESt), turnover tax (USt), trade tax (GewSt) – who pays what? In this overview of the different types of taxes / tax forms in Germany, you will find relevant taxes for you as an individual and for your business, depending on which legal form you have chosen. Also, after the tax list: How does the tax cycle work around month-end closing, year-end closing and balance sheet? A little insight for those starting their first company. What taxes are there? Simple explanations, definitions, tax optimization, an insight into taxes.

• Taxes: List

Dies ist Teil unseres größeren Leitfadens zum Wohnungskauf in den USA. Zurück zu Wohnungskauf USA. Wer L.A. als reines Investment sieht, sollte vorab unsere Grundlagen zur Immobilie als Kapitalanlage und zum Thema Eigennutzung vs Kapitalanlage lesen.

Die Stadt der Engel – Eine Wohnung kaufen in L.A.

Los Angeles, where dreams come true — and where real estate prices belong to the highest in the USA. Home to celebrities, Hollywood studios, beaches and surfing. From Malibu over Bel Air to Silver Lake and Venice Beach. It’s worth it to tolerate the traffic and chaos of the metropolis for the unique atmosphere of this city.

Would you like to live or invest in Los Angeles, but don’t know where to start? Mid-City, Silver Lake with the young students, or perhaps rather Beverly Hills? We give you a complete overview — including price ranges, return examples and tax peculiarities of California.

Los Angeles Economy – Overview

Los Angeles has a massive economy that ranks among the world’s largest metropolitan regions — alongside Tokyo and New York. Strength lies in the creative sector: Hollywood is the world’s largest film production area. But that’s only part of the picture. Add to that:

• Entertainment & Media: Hollywood, streaming studios, music industry
• Tech: “Silicon Beach” (Santa Monica, Venice, Playa Vista) — Snap, Google, Hulu
• Aerospace: SpaceX, Boeing, Northrop Grumman in the greater L.A. area
• Port & Logistics: Port of L.A. — the largest container port in North America
• Fashion & Design: L.A. Fashion District, the largest textile location in the USA

This diverse range of industries makes the market resilient against sector-specific crises — a key advantage over single-structured locations.

Los Angeles Drone – How beautiful it can be

Los Angeles has enormous visual fun to offer. Sunset at the sea, beaches, and skyscrapers:

Full L.A. Guide – Hot Neighbourhoods + More

Buy or rent? Break-Even calculation

Whether you buy or rent — in L.A. you pay a high price. The decision depends on the classic break-even point: How many years would you have to pay rent until you reach the same amount as a down payment plus mortgage repayment?

Break-Even Example L.A. (Condo, middle location)

Rule of thumb: When holding period is more than 5–7 years, buying instead of renting pays off. Under 5 years, closing costs, capital gains tax and real estate agent fees when reselling outweigh the appreciation. Those who want to calculate the exact Break-Even can use our Cashflow Calculator and the Purchase price factor.

• Buy when holding period > 5 years and rent comparison > $3,500
• Rent, if professionally mobile or market entry uncertain

Is it a good time to buy an apartment in Los Angeles?

The L.A. market shows cyclical phases. In high-interest phases, demand decreases, sellers become more negotiable — classic buyer window. In low-interest phases, prices rise sharply, bidding wars become standard. Those with sufficient equity benefit counter-cyclically: Calculate equity requirements.

Indicators for a good entry time:

• Days on Market (DOM) > 45 days = buyer’s market
• Price-to-Rent-Ratio > 20 = rather rent, < 18 = rather buy
• Inventory > 4 months = negotiation room
• Mortgage interest rates in 5-year comparison

Which state has the highest property taxes? The full list:

• Property Taxes by State – List

Los Angeles Real Estate Market – Explanation

The Los Angeles real estate market is doing well, like many US super cities. The market is neither clearly a seller’s nor a buyer’s market, but strongly micro-location dependent: Beverly Hills follows different cycles than East Hollywood.

Median Price Ranges by Property Type (Greater L.A. Area)

Mietrendite & Cap Rate L.A.

Die Bruttorendite berechnen ist in L.A. ernüchternd niedrig — der Markt lebt von Wertsteigerung, nicht von Cashflow:

• Brutto-Mietrendite: 3,5 – 5 % (Premium-Lagen oft < 3 %)
• Cap Rate (net): 2.5 – 4 % after HOA, Tax, Insurance
• Historical appreciation (10-year average): 5–8 % p.a.
• Purchase price factor: typically 22 – 32 (see Rental yield purchase price factor)

Those who want to compare the real performance can use our return comparison. For the German tax side of the investment, it’s worth looking at Real Estate return and calculate net return.

What you need to know about areas in L.A.

Los Angeles is a huge city spanning several counties. It is almost impossible to make a general decision. In general, there are three buyer profiles:

• Prestige buyers: Bel-Air, Beverly Hills, Holmby Hills, Pacific Palisades
• Urban lifestyle buyers: DTLA, West Hollywood, Hollywood Hills
• Hipster / Young Professionals: Silver Lake, Echo Park, Mid-City, Highland Park
• Beach Lifestyle: Venice, Santa Monica, Manhattan Beach, Malibu
• Families & Schools: Pasadena, San Marino, La Cañada

Rent Range by Neighborhood

• Lowest Rent: Jefferson Park starting at around $1,400
• Mid-range: Silver Lake, Echo Park around $2,500 – $3,500
• Premium: Santa Monica, West Hollywood around $4,000 – $7,000
• Highest Rent: North of Montana / Bel-Air starting at $8,000+

How to Buy an Apartment in L.A.

The apartment purchase is a long and tedious process with many stages. Whoever skips steps ends up paying for it in the end. If you’re generally unsure which type of property you should invest in, the comparison on our Buy an apartment main page and for first-time buyers the guide buy your first property can help.

Checklist – To complete before the purchase

How to specifically prepare for buying an apartment in L.A.:

• Check credit score: FICO > 720 for best conditions, > 760 for Jumbo Loans
• Debt-to-Income (DTI): max. 43 %, ideal < 36 %
• Demonstrate reserves: 6–12 months of payments as liquidity reserve
• Secure down payment: in L.A. at least 20 %, for Jumbo Loans 25–30 %
• Get pre-approved for a mortgage: contact a mortgage broker
• Build a team: Real Estate Agent, Real Estate Attorney, Home Inspector, possibly a Tax Advisor (CPA)
• For German buyers: apply for an ITIN, check if an LLC for asset protection is necessary

In L.A. with comparatively high prices, your down payment should be at least 20% — otherwise PMI (Private Mortgage Insurance) and a higher mortgage rate may apply. Those who want to understand the mechanics of repayment should look at amortizing loans and repayment mortgage.

Purchase of a property — process from negotiation to closing

Step 1: Make an Offer — Negotiate the Selling Price

You have found your dream apartment. Now it’s time to make an offer. There are two negotiation levers:

]]> https://lukinski.com/buy-apartment-new-york-everything-to-know-explained-easy-guide/ Tue, 01 Dec 2020 15:42:31 +0000 https://lukinski.de/?p=31909 New York USA – Buying an apartment in New York City is different than anywhere. We give you a full, easy to understand step-by-step guide to buying an apartment, penthouse or loft in New York, whether Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, or Manhattan. We cover everything from the New York City real estate market overviews to answering questions like buy or rent an apartment in New York? What are the tax rates for real estate in New York? What’s different about buying an apartment in New York? All this and more in our New York Apartment Guide.

This is part of our larger guide on buying apartments. Back to Buying an Apartment USA.

Living the Dream in NY – Buying an Apartment

New York, the city of dreams. You too can live your dream of owning real estate, many people dream of buying an apartment or buying a house in New York, one of the top cities worldwide in everything from fashion to finance to art and food. Buying an apartment in New York certainly isn’t the easiest of tasks, but one that is likely to leave you happy you took the risk.



The Money’s Flowing? New York Economy Overview

In regards to economic developments, New York is seeing a surge. So in a city where money is everyhwere anyways, it’s flowing even more now. Currently it is the city with the second highest economy in the world, ahead of Los Angeles. In recent years, multiple top companies from digital sectors have moved headquarters or opened offices in the city. This means increased investments in multiple sectors, along with higher demand for rentals in the inner city, housing workers. The general real estate market has weakened over recent times, meaning the classic investments of earlier years like TriBeCa or Soho where high square meter prices dominate, are currently clever investments for buying as the market is likely to recover, and these parts are likely to gain back value.

• Economy likely to grow

The Beauty of the City – New York Drone

New York City is known worldwide for its massive skyscrapers and epitome of big-city atmosphere. Take a view at the Metropolis from above:

Buy or Rent? Calculation Explained

When deciding whether to buy or rent, of course the low property taxes suggest you should buy. But as always, it depends where you want to live, and how long. If you’re looking at the downtown core, like Manhattan, it’s near-impossible to buy, and rent is comparatively cheap. So here, you would be good to rent, and invest your money elsewhere.

Neighborhoods like Bushwick, or even Chelsea, give you better buying options. Buying in Bushwick carries the same financial load as renting for three and a half years. That means buying here is much better than renting. You’re likely to leave a few years later with a strong return on your investment, along with financial equity.

• Depends on which neighborhood

Why it’s Good to Buy in New York City

In New York, it’s especially advantageous to buy, because New York property taxes are quite low. Thanks to fairly high income taxes, the state does not require to set high property taxes, which allow homeowners to save money. These taxes are at 0.86% in New York City, much lower than in the vast majority of U.S. States.

Low property tax rate in New York City means owning is worth it!



What state has the highest property tax rate? Ranking

• Property Tax Rates by State – List

New York’s Real Estate Market – Explanation

So what do you have to know about buying real estate in New York?

Properties are becoming increasingly large. Accordingly, there is an increase in purchases of properties valued at more than $1 mil. In New York, real estate is all about location though. On average throughout all of New York City, one-bedroom apartments can be had for $2.810/month, or two-bedroom apartments at $3.576/month. In e.g. East Brooklyn, the average rent is at $1.250/month, demonstrating the large chasm in where you pay and how much you pay. This is quite different from when you buy an apartment in Los Angeles, where no matter what part of the city you go to, you’re going to be paying hefty sums.

• Apartment Median price: $916.000
• Price per square meter: $7.244/m²

Important Facts – Property Investment in New York

There are a few things the experts swear by. If you want to invest in rental properties or generally non-owner-occupied real estate, these are the things you should keep in mind when thinking about investing in New York real estate:

• How long do you want to own the property?
• How do sales compare with the rent you will likely take in
• Find the right neighborhood
• Should you buy a Multi-Family or a single unit?
• Get your attorney to look over the building
• Buy the most bedrooms per most square footage
• Keep an eye out for tax abatements

How to Buy an Apartment

It’s of course a long and arduous process to buy an apartment, and takes a lot of time as well as financial investment. From beginning to end, there are irreplacable steps which, if you miss them, could be costly. If you’re not sure what real estate you should invest in, start here:

• Type of Real Estate – Which to Buy

Checklist – Things to do Before Buying

How to prepare for buying an apartment. Before buying real estate, you need to do these 5 things:

• Get knowledgeable about your finances
• Get together documents about your finances
• Speak to your possible mortgage broker
• Decide on the type of financing
• Find an attorney, real estate agent, and home inspector

Buying Apartment – Process from Negotiation to Close

To buy the apartment finally, you will want to start negotiating.

Make an Offer – How to Negotiate Sales Price

So you decide that this is your dream apartment. What now? Well now it’s time to make an offer. That means approaching the seller with an offer. There are two sides on which to negotiate, and you must pick one or the other. Either you try to reduce the size of the sale price. I.e. buying a property for $800.000 as opposed to $850.000. The other option is to negotiate the closing costs, e.g. agreeing on the sales price, but asking the seller to pay some of the additional costs, including real estate purchase taxes. These tactics of course mean either having more money in your bank account at that moment, or reducing the amount of montly costs in the future. You can typically expect to negotiate 5%-10% of the sale asking price.

Next Steps – Building Inspections

Your lender will most certainly require you to have an inspection of the apartment building, as well as the unit itself. This usually shows slight flaws, such as necessary maintenance in the future, or e.g. structural flaws.



Reducing Sales Price on Real Estate

Now you can renegotiate. You have found flaws in the building, and now have a strong negotiation stance. Let the seller know your concerns, and they will likely be more lenient in their negotiation.

There’s also a ton you can save on the many slight additional costs which come up when buying real estate, we give you the full guide

• All Additional Costs when Buying a Home

Final Important Step! Walk-through

Don’t forget the walk-through! This is one of the most frequent beginner mistakes. After moving out, things may change, the previous owner may have broken something, or a cabinet may have been covering up a flaw. Not doing a final walk-through can be your number one regret later on. It doesn’t take that long, and will most certainly be worth it, at least for the peace of mind.

What’s Different in New York?

There’s of course some caveats to buying an apartment in New York as opposed to elsewhere in the U.S. That means a few things to keep in the back of your mind when considering your purchase of an apartment. Of course, the normal process takes place, you buy a unit using a downpayment as part of your mortgage, pay closing costs, and then taxes, and then move in.

Property taxes vary from county to county, if you’re investing in New York,

• Property Taxes NY Explained

Before – Buying Apartment Preparation & Planning

The people which are required to be at your side are of course the same all over the U.S., but in New York there is one specific requirement. When buying an apartment in New York you are required to have an attorney on hand. That means you need to get one sorted (preferably with real estate specialization) before even starting your search.

• Mandatory to have an attorney



Taxes – Extra Real Estate Costs

Of course there’s different taxes in New York than elsewhere in the country. New York is one of the states which, along with the real estate transfer tax, requires a mortgage tax. Like for example the mansion tax, which kicks in when buying a property worth more than $1.000.000, or the flip tax, which is actually not much of a tax because it is private. The property taxes, how much they are and how they’re calculated is of course also unique in the Big Apple.

Pretty much everyone pays too much in taxes. It’s especially easy to save on real estate taxes. Learn how:

• Saving on Real Estate Taxes – Easy How-to

Insurance – Expensive Additional Cost

Not to forget is that you will have to pay homeowners insurance. In New york this can run around $2.000 a year.

• $2.000/year homeowner’s insurance

Sponsor Units – Affordable Apartments Trick

Sponsor units are only available in New York. They are a special types of apartments. These typically exist in multi-residential buildings which the developer or co-op have mostly rented out or sold. Yet, often these developers or cooperatives keep a few units to themselves for private use. These are often later turned into rentals or sold on. The advantage, in co-ops, the new resident will not be required to have to submit a financial package. Sponsor units are also usually cheaper to buy than other type of units.

• Cheaper
• Easier to get
• Rare



Rent Control? Stabilization? NYC Real Estate Law

Is it even worth it to buy an apartment? New York has rent-controlled and rent-stabilized apartments. These differ from the typical apartments in that they have much lower rent. But, because they are extremely rare and nearly impossible to find, it’s better to focus on rent stabilized apartments.

Rent Stabilizing – Meaning & Definition

Rent-stabilized apartments are apartments who’s rent cannot increase heavily. The yearly increase is regulated by the government. This protects you as a tenant. It also makes you lucky to live in such an apartment. Meaning that if you are at the moment living in a rent-stabilized apartment, you are likely to be paying less than many others. Therefore, buying an apartment is perhaps at the moment not the best idea.

• Rent stabilized = government-controlled rent increase

Where to Live in NYC – Best Neighborhoods

There’s the five boroughs, Bronx, Queens, Manhattan, Brooklyn and Staten Island. But within these, countless neighbourhoods, some world famous like Harlem, Upper West Side, Greenwich Village, Williamsburg, and the list goes on. So where should you move? Most everyone, we included will suggest you to get to know the city a bit first, research, and also just walk around the neighbourhoods and see which atmosphere fits you best.

Ultra-Luxury Penthouses & Lofts

Of course, some of the super-rich of the USA have ultra-luxury apartments in New York. Among them Superstars like Jay-Z & Beyonce and Justin Timberlake. One of the most impressive though has to be Jeff Bezos’ $80 million apartment in Manhattan.

Worst Neighbourhoods in NY – Danger, Crime, Low Standard of Living

The worst neighborhoods in New York are decided by how dangerous it is, how good they are to live in, and more. And if you think that you can make a clever deal by moving to one of these areas you are mistaken, as none of these neighborhoods are especially cheap.

• Woodlawn-Nordwood
• Hunts Point
• Brownsville
• Fordham
• Mott Haven
• Fordham
• Bedford Park
• Downtown

New York’s Hippest Neighborhoods – The Places to be in New York

There are a few neighborhoods you can’t miss. These are the classics like SoHo or TriBeCa. The top neighborhoods in New York City to invest are the famous ones of course. Think Greenwich Village or Williamsburg. The other famous ones, Astoria (Queens), Bushwick (Brooklyn), or Greenpoint (Brooklyn) are also safe bets, especially for younger or more culture-oriented movers. Some ones to keep an eye out for are Chelsea, where the nearby Hudson Yards project is driving down prices of top and up-and-coming real estate, or Bedford-Stuyvesant the prodigal son of hip New York neighborhoods, and lastly Park Slope, which will likely see a sharp increase in prices over the next years, meaning investment now is likely to pay off.

Classics: SoHo, TriBeCa, Greenwich Village, Midtwon

Hip: Astoria, Bushwick, Greenpoint

Future Stars: Chelsea, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Park Slope



You want more info. Where to buy an apartment in New York City? We tell you everything you need to know

• Best Neighborhoods to Buy – New York City

Best New York Neighbourhoods List

The best New York neighborhoods are difficult to pin down. Everyone has their own preferences, and their own needs. Making it impossible to say definitively what the best are. Below are what are considered some of the top New York neighborhoods.

1. TriBeCa
2. Gramercy
3. Battery Park City
4. Nolita
5. SoHo
6. Dumbo
7. Financial District
8. Murray Hill
9. NoHo
10. Kips Bay
11. Prospect Heights
12. Brooklyn Heights

Should I Rent a Co-op Apartment?

Co-ops are probably more famous and more popular in New York than anywhere else. Here, they make up almost half of all residences. Co-ops are slightly more challenging to get, with a complicated and time-consuming process, but the time investment is worth the reward, with typically lower property taxes, the possibility to build equity, and more.

What is a Co-op Apartment? Real Estate Corporation

A co-op apartment is an apartment which is administrated by a housing cooperative. If you buy a co-op apartment, you are not actually buying the property, i.e. the four walls which you intend to live in. Rather, you are buying a share in a legal entity. The shares you buy entitle you to use a specific part of the building. Therefore, you are not the owner of real property, but rather a membership which allows you to use the apartment you live in. This also means of course that you do not take out a mortgage, but rather share loans, i.e. a loan to pay for the shares.

• You buy shares, not property

Why you Should choose a Co-op – Explanation

Because you are not the owner of the property itself, you do not have to pay property taxes. Rather the cooperative pays the property taxes for the whole building, and these are divided among the members, i.e. residents. The main advantage of a co-op is that it is cheaper. The property taxes which each resident pays are lower, and any additional fees are also lower, because the co-op is not intended to make profit. Lastly, residents in co-ops, despite not actually owning the property, are entitled to many tax deductions which real estate owners are entitled to.

• Cheaper

How to buy a Co-op Apartment in New York – Step-by-Step

There are a few steps to go through before buying into the cooperative. Before approaching a co-op, or identifying an apartment which you are interested in, you have to gather an attorney, a mortgage broker, and an engineer. Although this is not necessary, it greatly increases your chances of getting the apartment you want. This is because, once you’ve identified the apartment you want, you apply. Your application is decided upon by the board. This board obviously wants the best possible residents, therefore it’s important to present yourself as a serious buyer. All co-ops have a certain list of requirements, which include the amount of downpayment you need to pay, and how much financial reserves you have. Following this, you contact the seller, begin the title search and mortgage application, and close the purchase.



Buying an Apartment NYC – Checklist

If you want to buy an apartment in New York, these are the most important things to do and keep in mind.

1. Decide! Rent or buy?
2. Prepare! Visit the city, research the market
3. Lawyer Up! Find your attorney
4. Choose affordable! Sponsor units, coops, or up-and-coming neighborhoods
]]>