Lukinski Share: What is it?

Many are owned older properties. Some houses and apartments are in need of renovation, others are in need of refurbishment and still others are already perceived as dilapidated.

Sale + Redevelopment = More Profit

Hardly anyone can afford to completely renovate such a property – be it money reasons, time reasons, stress or even a combination of all factors.

Especially for such properties, with greater potential for appreciation, we offer sellers our exclusive Lukinski Share. If all conditions fit, you will profit 2x from the sale of your property.

Parameters for Share Deal (quickly explained):

• Old property with development potential
• Renovation / refurbishment backlog
• Also dilapidated / ready for demolition
• Purchase up to 5 million euros
• Possible: apartments and apartment buildings
• Not possible: single family houses

Why are we doing this?

We love to develop real estate. Gutting old, redesigning to create living space, for people. Many would also like to upgrade their property before it is sold. But not always, the possibilities are there. Our offer is specifically for the:

For those who think “a sale is not worth it” or “a sale is too costly” because the house is “too old”.

and

For those who think, “I don’t feel like refurbishing all this” or “how am I going to pay for it”?

Exactly for them, is our Lukinski Share Deal.

Contact & Evaluation

No stress during the sale, personal contact person, directly and without a broker and all over Germany. If desired, we will also give you a free evaluation directly. We look forward to your call or e-mail!

Lukinski Contact Person:

• Contact

Upgrading, renovation… to new construction

You want to sell an old house that would be too expensive to maintain? Sometimes the chance to directly provide additional living space. This again increases the effectiveness of your floor space. More living space = More rental income. Here, 2 smaller apartment buildings (6 ETW + 3 ETW) become a larger new building with a total of 18 ETW (condominiums); increase + 9 units.

In addition, attention was also paid to future development. Instead of equally distributed 70-90 square meters apartments, there are now respectively:

• 1 + 2 floor: 4x micro apartment each with ~ 40 sqm
• 3, 4 + 5 floor: 2x apartments each ~ 80 sqm
• 6 floor: loft apartments 2x ~ 80 sqm each incl. terrace

This will 1) create more housing and 2) raise standards = higher rental income / square foot.

From old, make new:

Masonry, substance, from basement to roof truss (here) everything is renewed.

Only 4 months later, the new masonry is already drying.

Modern new construction.

For you as a seller, without work, without stress, without cost.

What have we already done? – Project development

We have already developed several properties! A recent example: Last year we bought a car dealership (commercial property). Right now the old car dealership is being demolished, with two excavators. In the coming months, more than 8 apartments will be built here in an apartment building. 8 apartments, instead of 80 parking spaces – a good deal.

A car dealership with a lot of wasted space (concreted outdoor area) thus becomes new living space!

The city itself benefits from this; housing is in short supply in many cities. The new tenants and buyers profit from this. We as a real estate developer and you as a seller, through an additional share.

Contact & Evaluation

No stress during the sale, personal contact person, directly and without a broker and all over Germany. If desired, we will also give you a free evaluation directly. We look forward to your call or e-mail!

Lukinski Contact Person:

• Contact

In the fastest case, we seal already within 14 days at the notary.

You want to Buy an apartment and are considering an old building as an investment? Old buildings with stucco, bay windows, herringbone parquet flooring, and four-meter-high ceilings are among the most sought-after properties on the German real estate market — and at the same time, they are among the most tax-advantageous. Anyone who acquires a protected old building apartment as an investor can deduct up to 100% of the renovation costs within twelve years under § 7i EStG. At the same time, the rental prices for high-quality renovated old buildings in top locations often exceed the rental index by 15–25%. In this investment guide, you will find everything about the definition, tax benefits (monument depreciation), typical renovation costs per trade, return calculation with an example, classic old building risks (asbestos, lead pipes, saltpeter), GEG obligations, and a complete inspection checklist. An overview of the common Apartment types can be found in the main article. Those who are just starting out should first read the guide on their first property.

Old buildings: Definition, characteristics & distinction from new buildings

The term old building is not uniformly defined throughout Germany. In most regions, the following applies: buildings constructed before 1949 (pre-war buildings) are considered classic old buildings. In Berlin, the term old building is sometimes used for buildings constructed before 1918, while in Hamburg and Munich, all pre-war buildings are often considered old buildings. For tax purposes, the threshold of 1925 is relevant: buildings constructed before 1925 may be linearly depreciated at 2.5% (§ 7 Abs. 4 EStG), while later construction years are only depreciated at 2.0% — a direct tax advantage for genuine old buildings.

Architectural features: Stucco, casement windows, herringbone parquet

Genuine old buildings can be recognized by typical building elements that cannot be replicated in any new construction:

• Room height 3.00–4.50 m (new building standard: 2.40–2.60 m)
• Stucco-decorated ceilings, ornamental friezes, rosettes
• Double casement windows (two window levels with air gap)
• Herringbone parquet, panel parquet or solid wood floorboards
• French doors with brass fittings, high door thresholds
• Bay windows, balconies, wrought iron balcony railings
• Load-bearing exterior walls made of solid brick (50–70 cm thickness)
• Timber beam ceilings (acoustically echo-prone, structurally often in need of renovation)

Old buildings vs. new buildings: Direct comparison for investors

Old building apartment as an Investment: Return, Taxes, Cashflow

For investors, the old building apartment is more than just aesthetics — it is a highly tax-efficient Investment. Three levers determine the return: purchase price (price factor), renovation strategy (maintenance costs vs. construction costs) and tax model (linear depreciation, monument depreciation, maintenance costs). Before purchasing, you should always calculate the gross return and then simulate the net return and the cashflow.

Example calculation: 80 m² old building apartment in B-location

The return sounds low — before taxes. With monument depreciation and linear building depreciation, the picture changes significantly (see next section). You will find comparable values and further calculations in Return Comparison as well as under Rental Return & Purchase Price Factor.

Monument Depreciation: § 7i and § 10f EStG — the decisive lever

If the old building is under monument protection, the increased monument depreciation applies. This is by far the strongest tax lever in German real estate law — and applies only to old buildings on the monument list of the respective state authority.

• § 7i EStG (Landlord / Investor): 9% of the eligible renovation costs in the first 8 years, then 7% in the following 4 years — in total 100% deductible over 12 years
• § 10f EStG (Owner-occupier): 9% per year over 10 years — in total 90% deductible
• Prerequisite: Certificate from the responsible monument authority BEFORE the start of renovations
• Additionally: linear depreciation on existing assets (2.5% or 2.0%) continues in parallel

Concretely, this means with 64,000 € renovation costs and a marginal tax rate of 42%: 26,880 € tax savings solely from the renovation — spread over 12 years. You can dive deeper in the guide Buying a listed building.

Maintenance costs vs. acquisition-related costs (15% trap)

The underestimated tax trap in old building investments: § 6 Abs. 1 No. 1a EStG. If renovation costs of more than 15% of the building’s purchase price (net, without land share) are incurred in the first three years after purchase, ALL costs are considered acquisition-related production costs — and can only be deducted over the linear depreciation (50 years) instead of immediately.

• Strategy 1: Keep renovation under 15% in the first 3 years → immediately deductible as business expenses
• Strategy 2: Major renovation starting from year 4 → full deduction of business expenses again
• Strategy 3 (Monument): For historic buildings, § 7i EStG applies — the 15% threshold is less relevant here

Renovation costs for old apartments: What does everything really cost?

The most common miscalculation when buying an old building: underestimated renovation costs. Here are realistic ranges per trade — based on average to high-quality execution in German major cities:

Risks of Old Buildings: Toxins, Structural Integrity, Moisture

A professional old building investor always calculates with a technical due diligence before purchase. The following risks typically occur in pre-war buildings — and none of them is immediately visible at first glance:

• Asbestos: in floor adhesives (flex adhesive), window boards, fire protection panels, floor flex up to around 1990
• Lead pipes: in drinking water pipes up to ~1973 — health critical, complete replacement required
• PCB / PCP / Lindane: in wood preservatives on roof trusses and wooden beams
• Nitre / wall salts: mostly in the base area, result of rising damp
• Wooden floor without fungus test: Real house fungus = complete renovation
• Lack of insulation: according to GEG, retrofitting often required upon change of ownership (top floor ceiling)
• Structural integrity when opening walls: load-bearing walls can only be removed with approval from a structural engineer
• House fungus in the basement: reportable in some federal states

Always commission an independent building expert (fee 600–1.500 €) before signing a purchase contract — the investment pays off when the first defect is found. For Rating and value assessment, asset value method and income value method help with determining market value.

Advantages and disadvantages of an old building apartment at a glance

Advantages: Charm, taxes, value stability

• Historic building depreciation up to 100% in 12 years (§ 7i EStG) — for historic buildings
• Increased linear depreciation of 2.5% for buildings constructed before 1925
• Rent premium of 15–25% above rent index for renovated properties
• Very high value stability in A- and B-locations
• Stucco, high ceilings, bay windows — non-reproducible USP
• Often cellars and crawl spaces as storage space
• Massive construction, high sound insulation of exterior walls
• Less competition in the new construction-driven market

Disadvantages: Renovation, GEG, Sound transmission

• High initial renovation costs (1,500–3,500 €/m²)
• Hazardous substance risks (asbestos, lead, PCP)
• 15% trap with acquisition-related expenses (§ 6 EStG)
• GEG retrofitting requirements upon change of ownership
• Higher
  

  Common questions about old buildings

  What is considered an old building in Germany?

  In Germany, buildings constructed before 1949 are typically considered old buildings. In some definitions, the cutoff extends to 1978 (before the first thermal insulation regulation). The decisive factors are not only the construction year but also the state of preservation — whether a core renovation has taken place or not.

  What are the risks of buying an old building?

  Typical risks: outdated electrical systems (aluminum wiring before 1970), uninsulated exterior walls, single-glazed windows, outdated heating systems, and lack of elevators. For a serious purchase decision, it is recommended to consult an expert. As an Investment, renovated old buildings can offer tax advantages due to heritage protection.

  When is an old building a good investment?

  Then, if it is located in a good inner city location, already fully renovated, and the purchase price is below the new construction price. Monument properties in the old building segment offer additional tax savings potential through increased depreciation (monument depreciation).

  ]]> https://lukinski.com/half-timbered-homes-buy-renovate-or-sell-historic-homes-with-beams-comparison-tips/ Thu, 04 Feb 2021 15:02:08 +0000 https://lukinski.de/half-timbered-homes-buy-renovate-or-sell-historic-homes-with-beams-comparison-tips/ Buying a half-timbered house – Investing in a property or selling a house is always a question of the right approach. This is especially the case with historic buildings such as half-timbered houses. The cute, historic buildings are especially common in our latitudes, but is it worth the investment in such an old masonry or is it better to bet on a new building? Everything about architecture, renovation and especially financing of a half-timbered house we tell you in this article. Here you can return to the overview with definitions and advantages and disadvantages of the most common types of houses.

  Half-timbered house: architectural style, features and architecture

  Everyone who grew up in Germany has seen them. But how exactly it is to live in such a house, you probably only know once you get the chance. However, the houses are not for everyone and require a lot of work. You can read about how the construction method influences the living atmosphere here.

  Let’s start with the part that seems more interesting to some and not so interesting to others, but which is the basis for understanding the peculiarities of the houses. If architecture doesn’t interest you at all and you’d rather get straight down to the nitty gritty, then just skip ahead to the advantages and disadvantages of the house form.

  Half-timbered houses were a good option in the 17th century for building houses from locally available materials. The construction of half-timbering is extremely sophisticated, because the positioning of beams and supporting beams requires great care. In return, at the end of the house construction there was a wind and weather resistant building, which was even able to store heat.

  You want to buy or build a house, but don’t know which one is right for you? Then take a look at our guide to house types from A – Z! Here you will find all house types, from bungalow to terraced house!

  Construction method: Features and differences

  With the industrialization and increasing networking of the world, the local availability of building materials has moved into the background, because the required materials can be imported much easier. However, half-timbered houses are characterized then, as now, by their basic construction of wood.

  The exposed wooden beams are also what make up the charm of the houses for many. So if you are thinking of rebuilding a house in the half-timbered style, it is advisable not to plaster it, because that would destroy the characteristic for many.

  Before building, you should definitely find out whether the plot of land you have chosen allows for the construction of half-timbered houses. The easiest way to find out whether this is the case is to consult the land register, which is worth looking at anyway before buying a property or house.

  In any case, it’s important to know that sourcing materials, as well as finding an engineering firm or architect who knows about timber framing, can be much more difficult than with other types of houses.

  Advantages & disadvantages of a half-timbered house: renovation, ancillary costs and more

  The positive and negative effects of the shape of the house depend entirely on whether it is a new or an old building. When the building was last renovated can also play a role by having a significant influence on the circumstances of the house.

  Advantages: Charm and sustainability?

  What makes a timber-framed house special for you personally? This question has a variety of answers, but often the pro argument is sentimental value. Whether you grew up in a town surrounded by half-timbered houses, grandma lived in a half-timbered house, or you’re just fascinated by historic construction, a lot of things make the style special. Plus, a half-timbered house has a lot going for it architecturally:

  • Historical charm
  • Sustainable construction
  • Stable construct

  Disadvantages: Redevelopment, monument protection & Co.

  Especially the purchase of an old half-timbered house is not exactly associated with the best. Unfortunately, these prejudices are often true. An old building like a half-timbered house often falls into energy efficiency classes E-H, which means it incurs a lot of ancillary costs. In addition, one or the other stone is put in the way during renovation.

  • Often in need of renovation
  • Monument protection
  • Elaborate search for experts

  Refurbishment: costs, effort and whether the investment is worthwhile

  Buying an old half-timbered house and refurbishing it – many people think this is an option to get a nice home at a reasonable price. This idea comes from the fact that old half-timbered houses are often cheap to get, but there is a reason for that, because the refurbishment of the historic old buildings can go quite into the money. We have found out for you what costs you can expect and what additional hurdles you will have to face.

  Refurbishment costs and subsidies: Prices & tips

  Are you thinking of buying and renovating a half-timbered house? Then let that go through your head again, because a renovation, especially of a half-timbered house is really expensive. In general, you can expect that, depending on the condition of the property, the preparation costs about 1,200 € / sqm. This is almost the same price that you pay for a new building.

  The only advantage: the refurbishment of the old buildings is supported by subsidies. Namely in the form of a loan with a repayment subsidy. Other options to finance the construction of the house and what exactly is hidden behind the different forms of credit, we tell you in the course of this article.

  Monument protection: How do I find out whether my house is a listed building?

  In itself, historic preservation is a positive thing, because it aims to preserve historical memories and bring a piece of the past into the present and future. However, at the same time it sometimes makes it difficult for buyers of old buildings, especially often half-timbered houses, to enjoy the conversion of the house.

  Finding out whether a house is a listed building turns out to be quite easy. A simple phone call to the Historic Preservation Office is often all it takes to get the information. Just have the address of the property ready and simply ask.

  Investment: Half-timbered houses as an investment or for asset accumulation?

  Of course, it is possible that a refurbished half-timbered house brings in more money than you originally put into the good piece. However, one often used up time for information gain, endless planning and nerves, the upgrade has cost not counted in the cost calculation.

  You only see expenses vs. income, but that’s a mistake because there is actually money to be made in real estate, but not so much by upgrading timbered houses, but rather by investing smartly. Should you continue to be convinced about upgrading a timbered house, hopefully we’ve already given you some ideas, but here we’ll tell you how to use real estate as an investment and increase your money.

  Open and closed-end real estate funds: Real Estate Investments & Funds

  Especially if you’re not quite in a position to buy your own property yet, real estate funds are a great way to make money in real estate with comparatively little risk. Open-ended real estate funds constantly change their portfolio, while closed-end real estate funds maintain their investments.

  Investment funds work according to the community principle. This means that the fund starts with a certain basic amount. This is invested proportionately in various real estate projects. Which projects these are depends on the theme of the fund and the manager. You are part of a group of investors who share the investments and thus also the returns. Your profit is therefore determined by the performance of the fund and the amount of money you want to invest.

  It is especially important for us to tell you that you should only invest money that you have at your disposal, because investments on the capital market should, unless you are experienced in trading, be long-term to yield profits. Also a conversation with bank advisors makes sense in case you want to gain first experience in the financial market.

  Making profits from property rentals: Tips for landlords

  If you look at the topic of earning money with real estate, you will always find the statement that renting is the only option to earn money with real estate in the long term. But how much money can you actually earn by renting out and what taxes do you have to pay in the course of rental income? We’ll tell you.

  If you are still paying off the property, you will of course have to pay regular instalments to the bank. Apart from that, you pay taxes on renting and leasing properties. In addition, there are maintenance costs and, depending on the rental agreement, minor repairs. Is your rented property a holiday home and you are not on site for most of the year? Then you may have to deduct additional costs for a service provider from your income.

  Profit = Rental income – (Taxes + maintenance + house payments + additional service charges)

  Capital investments: Interviews & tips from experts

  The points mentioned here are reported very neutrally, so that you can form your own opinion about the options of investing in real estate. If you want to know more about real estate as an investment, the advantages and disadvantages of funds and how real estate compares to other investments, then you can visit this article, where we among other things about the comparison of money investment in gold and real estate:

  • Real estate as an investment

  Buying property: What to look for in timber-framed houses

  You’ve been thinking about buying a half-timbered house for a while now, or at least you can’t get the idea of owning one out of your head? Then we offer you here exclusive tips on how to find the perfect property for you and what you should pay attention to so that your investment has a particularly high probability of being profitable.

  Checklist for timber-framed houses: efficiency class and ancillary costs

  What does a half-timbered house have to offer to make the investment worthwhile? Particularly with half-timbered houses, great care is required when buying, because hidden traps can open up after the purchase if you have not already paid attention to the details of the house in advance.

  Of course, the age and condition of the house are particularly important. How much renovation is the property in need of, what does the insulation look like and what is written on the energy certificate, because this provides information about the consumption of the house in primary energy in kilowatt hours per year and square meter. This also quickly reveals potential heating costs

  It also helps to identify the need for optimisation of the house. And don’t forget: renovations of the heating, ventilation and energy system are subsidised by the state. You should pay attention to the following things:

  • Monument protection
  • Insulation
  • Energy efficiency class
  • Heating system
  • Ventilation

  House building & house purchase financing: useful tips and options

  To make sure that nothing stands in the way of your dream of owning your own home, we have summarised a few popular financing options. If you want to learn more about the individual topics, click on the link below the summary to be redirected.

  Annuity Loans: Explanation, advantages & disadvantages

  This loan is the most frequently chosen form of real estate financing. Annuity loans are very easy to adapt to your own circumstances, as the repayments can be spread flexibly over the repayment period. The time period can also be adjusted quickly and offers options from 5 – 30 years depending on the amount of the loan and personal creditworthiness. Annuity loans currently offer the most favourable, constant interest rate.

  • Annuity Loans: Advantages, disadvantages, repayment plan and explanation

  Building loan: Interest, calculation & Co.

  For a construction loan it is equally important to fit the creditworthiness of the individual. For this reason, it makes sense to compare the offers of different providers to find the right one for you. Because building loans are often fixed offers, which are less flexible in the interpretation, but also partly offer very attractive interest rates.

  • Construction Loan: Current interest, interest rate, interest rate development, calculation.

  Real estate loan: equity, interest, tips & comparisons

  You’ve already found the right house and don’t even need to build it? Then take distance from the construction financing and look around at real estate loans. It is important with the real estate loan, as with all other financing options, that you do not use any offer from the Internet, but compare, get advice and make personal requirements. These should be adapted to your own financial requirements.

  • Real estate loan: bank, loan, equity, interest, comparison + tips

  

  ]]> https://lukinski.com/berliner-testament-german-inheritance-law-explained-amount-children-partner/ Tue, 13 Oct 2020 09:05:15 +0000 https://lukinski.de/?p=30605 Joint Will – In Germany, the Berlin Testament decides on the legal portion of heir. It is an important issue for disinherited relatives, as they still have certain rights to the inheritance. In order to claim this correctly and to fulfill the formalities, however, some things have to be considered. The share always depends on the other heirs and the amount of the inheritance.

  Legal Portion Despite Disinheritance – You have these Rights

  In many families there are conflicts, which often lead to parents wanting to disinherit their children. The parents must determine this wish in their will. Much more common, however, is the desire to disinherit the children only until both spouses are dead. This is possible with the so-called Berlin will. The longer living spouse is therefore first the sole heir and only after his death the common children inherit. Learn here which alternatives the law offers and how the legal portion is determined.

  Disinheriting Relatives – Will, Inheritance Contract, Berlin Testament

  Basically, each person is free to decide who to appoint as heirs and who to disinherit. The testator does not have to justify in his will why he excludes a relative from the succession. However, an exclusion does not mean that the heir receives nothing, because every heir is entitled to a compulsory portion. This entitlement must be requested by the heir himself, because the certificate of inheritance does not mention these entitlements to a compulsory portion. If a testator sets a person as sole heir, this means on the one hand that this person alone inherits the entire estate but also that no one else should inherit who would actually be entitled to inherit.

  Married couples can disinherit close relatives together in an inheritance contract or a Berliner Testament. In a classic form of the Berlin Testament, the spouses stipulated that the partner who lived longer would become the sole heir and the children would only inherit when both spouses had died. The parents therefore disinherit their children until both have died. If someone is disinherited, the part of the inheritance that would have been due to this heir is due to the person who would have become heir if the disinherited had already died at the time of the inheritance.

  

  The Entitlement – Only the Next of Kin Receive the Compulsory Portion

  Despite disinheritance, close relatives are entitled to part of the assets. This fact is based in the law on the duty of care that the deceased has for his close relatives even after his death. However, this applies only to the next of kin, which, according to the law, are determined as follows: Close relatives include legitimate, illegitimate and adopted children, the spouse, as long as the marriage is still effective at the time of inheritance, partners in a registered same-sex partnership and parents of the deceased, if there are no children. Grandchildren are only eligible if they have been excluded from the inheritance and their parents are no longer alive. Siblings and grandparents of the deceased are not entitled to a compulsory portion of the inheritance and are therefore not to be understood as close relatives. Whoever is disinherited must assert a right to the legal portion of heir’s estate against the other heirs.The Amount – this is how the compulsory portion is calculated

  The compulsory portion is half of the legal inheritance that the person is entitled to. For the exact calculation, all relatives must be taken into account, both the heirs and the disinherited, as well as those who have rejected the inheritance. Those who are not taken into consideration are those who have already renounced the inheritance during the testator’s lifetime.

  The example explains the distribution of the inheritance as follows: There is a testator who leaves three children as heirs. Child1 has already rejected the inheritance during the testator’s lifetime. Child2 has been disinherited by the testator and must claim his compulsory portion from Child3, who has been designated as sole heir in the will. In a normal inheritance case, each child would receive one third of the estate. Since Kind1 has already waived the inheritance during his lifetime, this is removed from the calculation. The inheritance is therefore divided half each between Child2 and Child3. As Child2 was disinherited, he is only entitled to the legal portion of heir, i.e. half of his actual inheritance. Child2 thus inherits a quarter of the inheritance and child3, as sole heir, inherits three quarters of the inheritance.</block quota>.
  If the odds are clearly calculated, the value of the discount can be determined to find out how much is allocated to each odds. Decisive for this second calculation is the market value. Our property valuation explains the methods. This is based on the amount that the heirs could obtain in the event of a sale. For this determination it is often necessary to have the value of real estate, companies or land estimated by experts. The costs incurred for this, however, reduce the right to the compulsory portion. It is therefore advisable, especially for small estates, to determine the value without an expert and to agree among themselves on a compulsory portion.

  Remove compulsory portion – these are the Testators’ Rights

  Under special circumstances it is possible for parents to disinherit their children completely and also to withdraw the compulsory portion from them. This wish must be expressly ordered and justified in the will. The BGB sets out some reasons for a complete disinheritance. In § 2333 BGB the following is listed, who can be completely disinherited:

  • Seeks to kill the testator or a close relative
  • Has been sentenced to imprisonment without parole for a criminal offence for at least one year, or is being held in a psychiatric hospital or rehab facility for that reason
  • Has committed a crime against the testator or a person close to the testator. This includes, for example, theft or bodily injury.
  • Killed the testator or both parents

  In general, it must be unreasonable for the testator to leave his share to the beneficiary of the compulsory portion as the minimum economic participation. No reason for a complete disinheritance is, for example, a child who has broken off all contact with the parents and does not care for them. If a child is disinherited in the will and the testator forgives this child however before the death, the disposition in the will is ineffective.

  Claims for a compulsory portion are subject to a limitation period of three years. This begins with the end of the year in which the claim arose. As a rule, this means on 01 January of the year following the year of death.

  The Most Important Questions on the Subject of the Legal Portion of Heirship

  The issue of the compulsory portion and disinheritance in the will is a difficult one that often raises questions among those affected. To ensure that you are well informed and do not make any mistakes regarding deadlines or form, the Lukinski experts will answer all important questions on the subject of the legal portion of heir.

  How much is the compulsory portion in percent?

  The compulsory portion of a disinherited relative is half of the inheritance share that is actually due. The percentage must be determined on a case-by-case basis, as it depends on how many co-heirs there are and how much of the inheritance is.

  How high is the compulsory portion with 3 children?

  If the inheritance is divided equally among three children, each would receive one third of the estate. If one of the three is disinherited and therefore demands the legal portion of heir, he would receive half of the inheritance that he would actually have been entitled to. In this example one sixth of the inheritance.

  Can a compulsory portion become time-barred?

  A compulsory portion shall become time-barred after three years. The period begins on January 1 of the year following the year of death.

  Can the compulsory portion be refused?

  In order to receive a legal portion of heir, the heir must claim it. If he does not do so, the claim expires after three years. The heir with a right to the compulsory portion does not have to reject it, but simply does not have to claim it.

  What is the compulsory portion in the case of disinheritance?

  If an heir has been disinherited by the testator in the will, the testator is still entitled to a legal portion of heir. This compulsory portion amounts to half of the legal inheritance.

  Can the compulsory portion be claimed during one’s lifetime?

  The compulsory portion can be paid by the testator during his or her lifetime in the form of a gift or compensation to the disinherited relative. A claim is not possible, only an agreement with the testator allows this alternative.

  ]]> https://lukinski.com/infrared-heating-old-building-new-building-and-all-the-advantages-and-disadvantages/ Wed, 29 Apr 2020 11:00:39 +0000 https://lukinski.de/infrared-heating-old-building-new-building-and-all-the-advantages-and-disadvantages/ Infrared heating – Even though conventional heating systems have proven themselves, infrared heating is definitely an alternative that should be considered. Heating with electricity is generally considered expensive, but there are other relevant factors that make heating with electricity economical. You can find out which points are important and when heating with electricity is worthwhile in our detailed guide.

  Heating with electricity through infrared rays

  When building a house, there is always the question of the right heating system. Here there are many variants that need to be considered, and infrared heating is one of them. The model shows many advantages that adapt well to different living situations. But under what conditions is the installation of infrared heating worthwhile and how exactly does heating with electricity actually work?

  Pleasant and healthy heat through infrared rays

  The radiation of the infrared heating works differently than other heating systems, because the radiation does not warm the air in the room, but directly the body. This includes not only the human body, but also walls, ceilings or floors and even the furniture. The principle can be compared to sunbathing in winter. Due to this technique, the heat is already perceived by the body as pleasantly warm at low temperatures. This means that only low temperatures are necessary, thus saving electricity and heating costs. Another advantage of infrared heating is that the rooms do not have to be preheated for a long time so that the body is pleasantly warm. This provides comfortable warmth and thus increases the well-being and health.

  Installing infrared heating – low installation work & low costs

  The installation for an infrared heater is very simple. All that is needed are the heating elements in the room and also a power socket nearby. Other heating systems require pipes that need to be laid throughout the house, as well as boilers, hot water tanks and the radiators that need to be connected. This incurs installation and material costs and labour wages for tradesmen. With infrared heating, depending on the model (wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted, floor-standing or suspended), no or only minimal installation work is required. The costs for installation are therefore significantly lower than the costs for the installation of other heating systems.

  The durability of infrared heaters also compares favorably to other heating systems. Most heating systems require regular maintenance to maintain performance. This incurs not inconsiderable costs for repair and maintenance, which should be included in long-term planning. Infrared heating is generally considered to be very cost effective in this area. It has a long life and does not require maintenance, as it has a very simple structure and the few components are not susceptible to damage.

  Installing infrared heating as a supplement to other heating systems

  Especially in old buildings, infrared heating offers a good addition to already existing heating systems. When expanding within an already existing heating system, it is usually difficult to lay new pipes, as this is time-consuming and expensive. An alternative is offered here by infrared heating, which can heat additional rooms in combination with the original heating system, and this simply at the socket. The low installation effort and the low initial costs attract builders and property owners. The low maintenance costs compensate for the relatively high operating costs and speak for infrared heating. But also with the occasional heating of rooms the infrared heating is a good alternative. The short time for preheating and the individual use of the system is advantageous for heating certain rooms only rarely or on certain occasions.

  Installing infrared heating as the sole heating system

  In new construction, heating alone with infrared heating is not a problem. The modern insulation that is installed during construction provides sufficient heat in the rooms. In old buildings, the whole thing looks a little different. Here the infrared heating is worthwhile as a sole heating system only under certain conditions, so that the heat is not lost, the building must have a certain insulation. The better the insulation of the building, the more lucrative the use of infrared heating. When renovating and refurbishing an old building, it is no problem to strengthen the insulation and install an infrared heating system.

  Tip! Heating system in comparison

  Save up to 55% costs (heat energy)? Tip! Not only already, but practically? Save energy with the heating system in your property. Use the next time for renovation or your upcoming new building. Here you will find our guide heating systems: solar, oil, gas, heat pump, pellets in comparison and as extra, state subsidies. Continue reading here:

  • Heating system: comparison

  Advantages and disadvantages at a glance

  Advantages of infrared heating

  Infrared heating is a worthwhile alternative to other conventional heating systems and offers a number of advantages for both old and new buildings.

  Rapid feeling of warmth throughout the room despite low temperatures

  Infrared heating warms rooms not through the air, but by infrared rays directly warming the body. The body stores this heat and carries it around with it, whereby the heat is perceived as the same in the entire room. Due to the heat storage in the body, low room temperatures are sufficient to create pleasant comfortable temperatures.

  Healthy indoor climate for allergy sufferers

  Unlike conventional heating systems, infrared heating does not stir up dust, which keeps the dust concentration in the air low. For dust, animal hair but also pollen allergy sufferers, the air is easier to breathe and also asthmatics can breathe easier. A spreading of allergy substances in the room is avoided, which leads to less dust spreading and thus cleaner air.

  Positive effect on the body

  The infrared heater warms the body through radiant heat from IR-A infrared radiation. This radiation penetrates a few millimetres into our skin and thus increases the tissue temperature. We feel a pleasant warmth through this technique, comparable to sunbathing. The increased tissue temperature dilates the blood vessels and promotes blood circulation. Comparable to a red light treatment, the infrared rays can have a tension-relieving effect and thus be beneficial to health in the case of muscle complaints or back pain.

  Variable and advantageous costs

  The purchase costs for an infrared heater are very low. Only the heating panels are needed and a power outlet. Compared to other heating systems where many materials and installation costs are incurred, the infrared heating is probably the cheapest in the purchase.

  When using an infrared heater, heating costs are only incurred when heating is actually taking place, i.e. only when it is switched on. The less heat is needed, the lower the costs are.

  Since the body already feels the low radiant heat of the infrared rays as pleasant and stores them, the heater does not have to run at high temperatures like other models to create a comfortable indoor climate. The operating costs can therefore be kept as low as possible.

  Since the infrared heating consists of few and simple components that are not susceptible to malfunctions, the infrared heating has a long life and low maintenance costs.

  Disadvantages of infrared heating

  But infrared heating also has some disadvantages that property owners and builders need to consider before making the purchase.

  High costs for electricity and operating costs

  Heating with electricity is comparatively rather expensive. Electricity prices fluctuate constantly, which means that the operating costs for infrared heating also vary. To keep electricity costs as low as possible, the property should have good insulation so that as little heat as possible is lost to the outside.

  Carbon dioxide emissions and environmental friendliness

  Heating with electricity is not environmentally friendly. It even produces higher carbon dioxide emissions than conventional heating systems. By combining it with green electricity or a photovoltaic system, the eco-balance can be improved, but even then there is still a high environmental impact.

  Room temperature difficult to determine

  The room temperature is difficult to measure because it is perceived by our own body as warmer than it actually is. The temperature of the room is therefore always somewhat lower than our sensation. Thus, the temperature of the room can be determined but not the temperature we feel.

  Heating guide: types, prices & comparison

  Heating & Types – The topic of heating is not only interesting for builders, but also for property owners. After all, heaters are not only necessary in a property, they are also required by law. Which types of heating are there, how do they have to be maintained and are there legal subsidies for the construction of certain types of heating or do the costs have to be paid completely by the owner? Especially when building a house or renovating and modernising, the heating system plays a decisive role, because a large part of the later running costs depend on it, for you or for your tenants.

  When deciding on a heating system, a number of things need to be considered, as there are major differences. Depending on the property, it must be decided individually which system is best suited to efficiently heat the entire property. The systems differ not only in environmental friendliness, but also in efficiency and price. Solar, oil, gas, heat pump, pellets:

  • Heating: Comparison & Costs
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