From research idea to global corporation: the history of OpenAI

• OpenAI Website
• Open ChatGPT directly

Founding and original mission

OpenAI was founded in 2015 in San Francisco, with the stated goal of developing artificial intelligence for the benefit of all of humanity – not just for individual corporations or governments. Among the founding members was entrepreneur Elon Musk, who is better known today for other projects and later withdrew from the company. Originally, OpenAI was structured as a non-profit organization. Because developing powerful AI models requires enormous computing capacity and therefore a great deal of capital, a hybrid corporate structure with a for-profit division was created in 2019, into which software giant Microsoft has invested several billion US dollars.

The leap into everyday life: ChatGPT becomes a mass phenomenon

The decisive turning point was the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022. Within a few days, the service recorded millions of users, because for the first time it showed a broad audience how naturally one can converse with an AI. Since then, OpenAI has released increasingly powerful models at ever shorter intervals and expanded ChatGPT from a pure text chatbot into a comprehensive digital assistant that recognizes and creates images, understands speech, researches on the internet, and can now even independently complete multi-step tasks on a computer.

Rule of thumb: OpenAI is the company, ChatGPT is the product – when people talk about “OpenAI’s AI,” they usually mean ChatGPT, even though the company now offers a whole bundle of services.

OpenAI’s product ecosystem

ChatGPT as the core product

ChatGPT remains by far OpenAI’s best-known product and, for most individuals and small businesses, the actual point of contact with the company. Through a simple chat interface in the browser, desktop app, or smartphone app, users can write and revise texts, create summaries, answer questions, explain tables and formulas, generate or analyze images, and hold voice memos directly by speaking. For users with a paid subscription, a so-called agent mode is also available: ChatGPT then doesn’t just provide individual answers but independently carries out multi-step tasks, such as researching across multiple websites or filling out forms.

Other products: Sora, image generation, Codex, and the developer interface

Besides the chatbot, OpenAI operates several standalone products. With Sora, the company offers a service for creating short videos from text descriptions, which is increasingly integrated directly into ChatGPT itself. Image generation is available directly in the chat and allows graphics, illustrations, or photo composites to be created from simple descriptions. For software developers, Codex offers a specialized tool for coding assistance. And through a so-called API, companies can build OpenAI’s models into their own applications, such as a website, an internal tool, or accounting software. For the vast majority of private users and small businesses, however, ChatGPT itself is the relevant point of access.

Pricing plans and subscription tiers for ChatGPT

OpenAI has significantly diversified its pricing structure in recent years. As of today, there are several tiers aimed at different user groups – from the free basic version to the expensive professional tier for very computation-heavy tasks.

What you get for your money

Important to know: OpenAI changes its exact feature set fairly often, and prices quoted in US dollars usually end up somewhat higher once converted and taxed locally. Even the free version offers a usable entry point, though with noticeable limits on the number of requests and no access to the most powerful models. For most individuals who want to use ChatGPT regularly for everyday tasks, the Plus tier is the most sensible entry into a paid plan, while the expensive Pro tier mainly pays off for users who regularly need very computation-heavy analyses or long, complex reasoning tasks.

Rule of thumb: the cheapest plan isn’t automatically the most economical – anyone who only uses ChatGPT occasionally for short questions rarely needs more than Free or Go, while anyone using it daily for work will hardly get around Plus.

Privacy and data protection: what this means for users in Germany

Where is the data you enter actually processed

OpenAI is a US company, and by default chat conversations are processed on servers in the USA. For most individuals this is unproblematic in everyday use, but it can become legally relevant for sensitive topics – such as customers’ personal data, health data, or confidential business documents. Since February 2025, OpenAI has additionally offered so-called EU data residency with processing on European servers, which was expanded in January 2026 to include local compute capacity in Europe – though so far only for certain contract types such as Enterprise, Education, and selected API customers, not automatically for standard private subscriptions like Plus.

The EU-US Data Privacy Framework in practice

For the standard case of data transfer to the USA, OpenAI relies on the so-called EU-US Data Privacy Framework, an adequacy decision by the European Commission from 2023 that generally provides a legal basis for transferring data to the USA. OpenAI is certified under this framework. For a private individual or small business in Germany, this means in practice: the data transfer itself is formally permitted, but a certain residual risk remains, because the political situation surrounding this agreement has already changed several times in the past, and US authorities can, under certain circumstances, gain access to data held by American companies.

Practical recommendations for individuals and small businesses

For everyday private use, a conscious approach is usually enough: don’t enter unnecessary real names, addresses, or third parties’ account details into the chat, and check in the settings whether chat histories may be used to train further models. Small businesses that want to use ChatGPT for customer contact or with personal data should get at least the Business tier, because only from this level upward is a standard data processing agreement (DPA) with standard contractual clauses available. A practical example: a property manager who has ChatGPT draft responses to tenant inquiries should not enter full names, rental accounts, or deposit details into the chat unless a Business contract is in place. Anyone working in the real estate sector with sensitive customer data who values German hosting from the outset will find Lukinski AI an alternative developed exactly for this use case.

Rule of thumb: not every ChatGPT plan is equal when it comes to data protection – without a Business or Enterprise contract there is no standard data processing agreement, and without one, no third parties’ personal customer data should be processed.

Strengths and weaknesses of OpenAI and ChatGPT

Who is ChatGPT suitable for

ChatGPT suits different groups of users in everyday life and at work.

• Individuals writing and researching
• Freelancers drafting texts and translations
• Small businesses running first analyses
• Anyone who prefers natural language over software

The standard service is less suitable for high requirements around data residency and confidentiality – except with a Business or Enterprise contract.

Frequently asked questions about OpenAI and ChatGPT

Is ChatGPT the same as OpenAI?

No. OpenAI is the company, ChatGPT is its best-known product. OpenAI also offers other services such as image and video generation or the programming interface for developers.

Can I use ChatGPT for free?

Yes, there is a free version with limited features and a restricted number of requests. For regular or more demanding use, a paid subscription is usually worthwhile.

Is my data safe with ChatGPT in Germany?

The transfer of data to the USA is formally covered by the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, though a residual risk remains. For sensitive data, a Business or Enterprise contract with a corresponding data processing agreement is recommended.

Which plan is worthwhile for a small business?

For small businesses with several employees, the Business tier is usually the sensible choice, since it offers shared administration as well as a standard data protection agreement.

Which models power ChatGPT?

Depending on the plan, ChatGPT uses different OpenAI model versions with different speed and reasoning depth. You can find a detailed comparison of the current models on our in-depth page ChatGPT models compared. A comparison with the models of other major AI providers is available on our overview page AI models compared.

Dies ist Teil unseres größeren Leitfadens zum Wohnungskauf in den USA. Zurück zu Wohnungskauf USA. Wer L.A. als reines Investment sieht, sollte vorab unsere Grundlagen zur Immobilie als Kapitalanlage und zum Thema Eigennutzung vs Kapitalanlage lesen.

Die Stadt der Engel – Eine Wohnung kaufen in L.A.

Los Angeles, where dreams come true — and where real estate prices belong to the highest in the USA. Home to celebrities, Hollywood studios, beaches and surfing. From Malibu over Bel Air to Silver Lake and Venice Beach. It’s worth it to tolerate the traffic and chaos of the metropolis for the unique atmosphere of this city.

Would you like to live or invest in Los Angeles, but don’t know where to start? Mid-City, Silver Lake with the young students, or perhaps rather Beverly Hills? We give you a complete overview — including price ranges, return examples and tax peculiarities of California.

Los Angeles Economy – Overview

Los Angeles has a massive economy that ranks among the world’s largest metropolitan regions — alongside Tokyo and New York. Strength lies in the creative sector: Hollywood is the world’s largest film production area. But that’s only part of the picture. Add to that:

• Entertainment & Media: Hollywood, streaming studios, music industry
• Tech: “Silicon Beach” (Santa Monica, Venice, Playa Vista) — Snap, Google, Hulu
• Aerospace: SpaceX, Boeing, Northrop Grumman in the greater L.A. area
• Port & Logistics: Port of L.A. — the largest container port in North America
• Fashion & Design: L.A. Fashion District, the largest textile location in the USA

This diverse range of industries makes the market resilient against sector-specific crises — a key advantage over single-structured locations.

Los Angeles Drone – How beautiful it can be

Los Angeles has enormous visual fun to offer. Sunset at the sea, beaches, and skyscrapers:

Full L.A. Guide – Hot Neighbourhoods + More

Buy or rent? Break-Even calculation

Whether you buy or rent — in L.A. you pay a high price. The decision depends on the classic break-even point: How many years would you have to pay rent until you reach the same amount as a down payment plus mortgage repayment?

Break-Even Example L.A. (Condo, middle location)

Rule of thumb: When holding period is more than 5–7 years, buying instead of renting pays off. Under 5 years, closing costs, capital gains tax and real estate agent fees when reselling outweigh the appreciation. Those who want to calculate the exact Break-Even can use our Cashflow Calculator and the Purchase price factor.

• Buy when holding period > 5 years and rent comparison > $3,500
• Rent, if professionally mobile or market entry uncertain

Is it a good time to buy an apartment in Los Angeles?

The L.A. market shows cyclical phases. In high-interest phases, demand decreases, sellers become more negotiable — classic buyer window. In low-interest phases, prices rise sharply, bidding wars become standard. Those with sufficient equity benefit counter-cyclically: Calculate equity requirements.

Indicators for a good entry time:

• Days on Market (DOM) > 45 days = buyer’s market
• Price-to-Rent-Ratio > 20 = rather rent, < 18 = rather buy
• Inventory > 4 months = negotiation room
• Mortgage interest rates in 5-year comparison

Which state has the highest property taxes? The full list:

• Property Taxes by State – List

Los Angeles Real Estate Market – Explanation

The Los Angeles real estate market is doing well, like many US super cities. The market is neither clearly a seller’s nor a buyer’s market, but strongly micro-location dependent: Beverly Hills follows different cycles than East Hollywood.

Median Price Ranges by Property Type (Greater L.A. Area)

Mietrendite & Cap Rate L.A.

Die Bruttorendite berechnen ist in L.A. ernüchternd niedrig — der Markt lebt von Wertsteigerung, nicht von Cashflow:

• Brutto-Mietrendite: 3,5 – 5 % (Premium-Lagen oft < 3 %)
• Cap Rate (net): 2.5 – 4 % after HOA, Tax, Insurance
• Historical appreciation (10-year average): 5–8 % p.a.
• Purchase price factor: typically 22 – 32 (see Rental yield purchase price factor)

Those who want to compare the real performance can use our return comparison. For the German tax side of the investment, it’s worth looking at Real Estate return and calculate net return.

What you need to know about areas in L.A.

Los Angeles is a huge city spanning several counties. It is almost impossible to make a general decision. In general, there are three buyer profiles:

• Prestige buyers: Bel-Air, Beverly Hills, Holmby Hills, Pacific Palisades
• Urban lifestyle buyers: DTLA, West Hollywood, Hollywood Hills
• Hipster / Young Professionals: Silver Lake, Echo Park, Mid-City, Highland Park
• Beach Lifestyle: Venice, Santa Monica, Manhattan Beach, Malibu
• Families & Schools: Pasadena, San Marino, La Cañada

Rent Range by Neighborhood

• Lowest Rent: Jefferson Park starting at around $1,400
• Mid-range: Silver Lake, Echo Park around $2,500 – $3,500
• Premium: Santa Monica, West Hollywood around $4,000 – $7,000
• Highest Rent: North of Montana / Bel-Air starting at $8,000+

How to Buy an Apartment in L.A.

The apartment purchase is a long and tedious process with many stages. Whoever skips steps ends up paying for it in the end. If you’re generally unsure which type of property you should invest in, the comparison on our Buy an apartment main page and for first-time buyers the guide buy your first property can help.

Checklist – To complete before the purchase

How to specifically prepare for buying an apartment in L.A.:

• Check credit score: FICO > 720 for best conditions, > 760 for Jumbo Loans
• Debt-to-Income (DTI): max. 43 %, ideal < 36 %
• Demonstrate reserves: 6–12 months of payments as liquidity reserve
• Secure down payment: in L.A. at least 20 %, for Jumbo Loans 25–30 %
• Get pre-approved for a mortgage: contact a mortgage broker
• Build a team: Real Estate Agent, Real Estate Attorney, Home Inspector, possibly a Tax Advisor (CPA)
• For German buyers: apply for an ITIN, check if an LLC for asset protection is necessary

In L.A. with comparatively high prices, your down payment should be at least 20% — otherwise PMI (Private Mortgage Insurance) and a higher mortgage rate may apply. Those who want to understand the mechanics of repayment should look at amortizing loans and repayment mortgage.

Purchase of a property — process from negotiation to closing

Step 1: Make an Offer — Negotiate the Selling Price

You have found your dream apartment. Now it’s time to make an offer. There are two negotiation levers:

]]> https://lukinski.com/real-estate-canada-where-buy-property-house-capital-investment/ Tue, 27 Oct 2020 11:03:20 +0000 https://lukinski.de/?p=30995 North America – There has never been a better time to invest in Canadian Real Estate. Canada offers a unique combination of high quality of living, variety in types of property and lifestyle, as well as a strong repertoire of up-and-coming cities. Here a guide to Canadian real estate, the market, where to buy, what to look for when buying real estate, and much more. Important in any case is to plan when investing in real estate, this guide should remove any uncertainties about what to look for when buying real estate.

The True North Strong

Booming Economy, growing metropolises, cultural offering without end. Canada is one of the quickest growing countries worldwide in terms of economy, popularity, and much more. Its citizens are welcomed worldwide, as shown by the fact that it is one of the most liked countries in the world according to WorldAtlas. It is famous for its aboriginal history, its massive nature and the Rocky Mountains, as well as its famous metropolises like Toronto and Montreal.

• Most Loved Country in the World



Is Canada a Good Place to Live?

In its ranking of the most livable cities in the World, Canada has three cities in the top 10 (#5 Calgary, #6 Vancouver, #7 Toronto). Ahead of popular neighbour New York. More than any other country. Much more than this though, it also ranks high in other statistics. Its education system is considered among the best in the world, its cities are becoming increasingly new tech, and modern oriented. Meanwhile it is also one of the most multicultural and globalized countries worldwide, often considered a leading example for good integration. Which may be part of the reason its citizenship offers one of the most powerful passports worldwide. In regards to future-orientation, Vancouver and Montreal are regularly ranked as some of the best cities for green transportation.

• Three of the Ten Most Livable Cities
• Best Cities for Green Transportation

Canada’s Nature

Canada’s nature is unparalleled worldwide, and people from all over the world know to appreciate its vast expanses of untouched nature. The rocky mountains offer some of the best skiing in the world, Banff is a regal mountain town surrounded by the wild, and the luxury hotel fairmont Lake Louise is found on postcards on fridges all over. Below a peak at what western Canada’s riches include.

What about the Hard Facts?

Canada is home to 38 mil. inhabitants. With 9,984,670 km2 it is the second largest country in the world, yet also one of the most sparsely populated. This area is divided into provinces or territories (the equivalents to USA’s states). Due to the colonial past, the official languages are English and French, with French being commonly spoken only in the large eastern province of Quebec. It is also comfortably a part of the G7 summit every year, and counts to one of the most powerful political countries in the world. In terms of culture and traditions, Canada (at least the anglophone part) is very similar to its southern neighbours the USA. Its capital Ottawa is only the fourth largest city in the country, following (in order):

• Toronto – 2,93 mil.
• Montreal – 1,78 mil.
• Calgary – 1,02 mil.



No More Oil – The Canadian Economy

Canada has strongly de-oriented from its former oil-based economy. Despite this, its economy is still growing (see below), with 1,9% GDP growth in 2018. Its GDP of xx means it is the 10th largest economy worldwide. According to forecasts by Canada’s largest banks, Canada’s economy is set grow at an annualized rate of 36% in the third quarter of 2019. This is compared to 20% for the United States. In fact, it is easy to draw comparisons to the USA due to its market-oriented economic system. Leading sectors include the automotive and other industries, forest products, minerals and petroleum. This is also reflected in its largest trading partner is the United States, with the country receiving some 75% of Canada’s exports.

Of the state’s total income, taxes make up 32.2%. This is made up partially of income and corporate tax. Federally, these rates are 33% and 15% respectively. Yet these differ with respect to provinces, where each province has their own tax rates. Lastly, they are also staggered, with higher income corresponding to higher tax rates.

• Federal Corporation Tax: 33%
• Federal Income Tax: 15%

Taxes in Canada – Explained

Taxes in Canada are quite simple to understand, but often misunderstood. They are said to be very high, but this is not necessarily the case. The tax system in Canada is very much unlike its southern neighbours, of the U.S.A.

You want to learn more about how real estate taxes work in the U.S.A.?

• All Taxes when Buying a House

Income Tax

Income tax is levied by the state as well as by the individual provinces. The individual provinces have different tax rates. Therefore, as in the U.S., where state and county tax the same items, Canada also has e.g. federal and provincial income taxes. However, the federal share is the largest share. The structure of Canada’s income tax is in several stages. The federal tax rates are approximately 15-29%. The top tax rate of 29% starts with an income above CAD128,800. In addition, there are a few percentage points of provincial taxes. In addition to income tax, some provinces levy other taxes on wages and salaries, such as Medicare.

• Federal Income Tax: 15-29%



Goods-and-Services Tax

Regarding VAT (value-added-tax), there is again the dual system of the federal tax (GST) and a provincial tax (PST). It is due, for example, on the sale of goods and real estate as well as on services. The federal government levies 6% VAT and the individual provinces can levy up to an additional 6%. Residents of Vancouver, in British Columbia, for example, will be charged an additional 6%, while in Calgary, Alberta there is none.

• Federal VAT: 6%

Wealth Tax, Inheritance Tax, etc.

Investors will also be pleased to hear: Canada has no wealth tax, no inheritance or gift tax, and no church tax.

• No Wealth Taxes
• No Inheritance Taxes

Booming Business – Canadian Real Estate

Canada’s rapid economic growth is down to large decreases in unemployment and high spending, but largely housing and real estate sales.



Overview of Real Estate Market

Ottawa, with healthy economy, population growth, attractive labor market and strong demand for condominiums, has developed into a dynamic Canadian housing market. Toronto and Montréal remain classic sales markets. In eastern Ontario and Quebéc, property prices continue to rise and British Columbia is expected to stabilize.

Someone who moves to Canada after selling their house in countries with higher real estate prices can often purchase houses with a significantly reduced mortgage. With the exception of the metropolitan areas, rental housing in Canada is relatively inexpensive. The average price per square meter to buy an apartment in a city centre is CAD5.921, with outside the city costing CAD4.090.

House Prices – List

The median house price gives a good indication of how expensive and luxurious properties are in cities. When taking these in proportion to the median income, one arrives at a factor indicating how strong the market is, and how affordable property is for people working normal jobs in the city. The higher the factor, the more difficult it is to buy a house with a normal income. Below are selected cities, with median house price, and the factor.

• Toronto: 686.000 – Factor 8.3
• Edmonton: 353.000 – Factor 3.6
• Montreal: 306.000 – Factor 4.6
• Vancouver: 942.000 – Factor 12.6
• Winnipeg: 279.000 – Factor 3.7
• Halifax: 261.000 – Factor 3.5



What about Taxes on Real Estate?

To invest in property, you do not have to be a Canadian citizen or even live in the country, and property taxes and interest expenses are tax deductible. Property taxes are at 1% on CAD200.000, and 2% on average. Also note, different from U.S. taxes, Canadian real estate is subject to the goods and services tax. It is important to be aware of the tax implications for all phases of the investment though, from owning the property, to living in or renting it, to selling it.

The real estate transfer tax, which applies to real estate purchases, is not regulated uniformly throughout Canada, with individual provinces again deciding their own rates. It is between 0.5% and 2% and depends on the purchase price of the property. Some provinces do not levy any tax at all.

• Property Tax: 2%
• Transfer Tax: .5%-2%

The Key Details

Houses in Canada are built in a simpler way than e.g. traditional Central European houses. The power supply in the houses is generally designed for 110 volts. Internet is available practically throughout the country, including in rural areas, via telephone line, fiber optics or satellite. The average Canadian spends CAD53 on water utilities a month, using 25 cubic meters of water. This translates to CAD2.12 per cubic meter of water utility.

• CAD53 a month for water



Economy in Canada – Graph

Below a graph of the two main Canadian Stock Exchanges, S&P/TSX.

One Year

 



Three years



]]> https://lukinski.com/buy-a-prefabricated-house-build-quickly-move-in-price-financing-advantages-disadvantages/ Wed, 14 Oct 2020 10:00:34 +0000 https://lukinski.de/?p=30199 Buy a prefabricated house – Most families would rather not wait long from the idea to the realization of their dream home. Here, a prefabricated house proves to be a practical solution, as it involves far less construction time and thus a shorter waiting period until move-in. With a prefabricated house, you can save on the execution of individual trades by different companies and have a contact person who is there for you from planning to handover of the keys. If you are interested in a prefabricated house and are considering whether this type of construction is the best decision for your project, you will find the advantages and disadvantages here that you as a homeowner must know. Before you choose a house type, visit a model house exhibition and get a feel for the different house models.

The Advantages of Prefabricated Houses at a Glance

The biggest advantage of a prefabricated house is certainly that you can do without a long construction phase. Instead, the components already manufactured by the producer are delivered to your plot and professionally assembled on site. This means that a prefabricated house is ready for move-in within a few weeks and is handed over to you fully completed, including interior finishes and floor coverings. In terms of price, prefabricated houses are cheaper than solid houses, allowing you to save money despite the additional need to purchase a plot and realize your dream of owning a home sooner.

However, financing is rarely unnecessary, so you should also consult with the bank and develop a financing plan when purchasing a prefabricated house. If you buy an existing property, your options for renovation are limited, and although you can create the desired atmosphere through modernizations, you cannot achieve it through independent renovations. When buying a prefabricated house, you can save money if you handle certain trades yourself and, for example, assist with interior renovations or façade design. Those who are handy and have time for their prefabricated house can significantly reduce the purchase price and thus the amount of financing needed. The construction of prefabricated houses is coordinated directly by the manufacturer, so as a homeowner, you do not need to hire your own structural engineer or architect to check the material and construction quality.

The Approach

Settle all relevant contract details before construction begins, as this ensures maximum planning security and, for example, allows you to know when you can move into your new property before construction starts. Modern prefabricated houses meet the requirements of the KfW for energy-efficient homes. This means that by choosing a prefabricated house, you also secure financing benefits through favorable KfW loans for energy-efficient homes.

• Short construction phase
• Turnkey
• Low costs

The dream of a prefabricated house – Video

Real estate as an investment: Special

1. Part: Invest traditionally or exotic – Which real estate is suitable as an investment?
2. Part: Real estate as an investment – What should I pay attention to?

Pros and cons of prefabricated houses

What you should consider in your planning – A prefabricated house offers many advantages. Firstly, it is built by a single manufacturer and delivered fully completed to the homeowner. You therefore have much less effort involved in dealing with various trades and instead have a single contact person to turn to. Compared to a conventional house, a prefabricated house has a much shorter construction time, which saves you construction costs. Your dream property can therefore be standing within a few days and you can quickly start your new life in your own four walls. In addition, your house is more predictable, as it is built in a workshop hall independent of the weather and not on site in the wind and weather. The use of machines and precise work saves you costs and reduces the risk that something goes wrong.

Advantages of building a prefabricated house

• Shorter construction time than with traditionally built houses
• Lower risk that something goes wrong
• Lower construction costs
• Entire house from one provider
• Self-construction possible
• Climate-friendly building materials and low energy consumption
• Economical construction method

What disadvantages does a prefabricated house have?

Of course, a prefabricated house also has disadvantages. First of all, it is considered much more sound-sensitive than a house made of concrete and stone. To avoid this, pay attention to careful impact sound insulation when laying your floors. Take a close look around in the model house and check the sound sensitivity on site. You also need to pay attention to what you want to hang on the walls of your new prefabricated house. For example, hanging cabinets require special anchors and very heavy items may need to be directly attached to the structural elements.

A prefabricated house can generally come without disadvantages. It is important that you choose a reputable provider and opt for an offer with a long warranty and construction safety. In the past, the solid house was considered the only long-lasting and thus truly advantageous decision. However, modern prefabricated houses are particularly disadvantage-free in terms of self-use.

The lifespan of a prefabricated house does not differ significantly from the solid house, which requires a core renovation after 100 years and thus cannot last longer than a prefabricated house without appropriate maintenance measures. Only in terms of value appreciation do owners of prefabricated houses have a disadvantage. Solid buildings are valued higher in terms of market value than a prefabricated house, so there may be financial losses when planning to resell. Anyone who builds a prefabricated house for their family and does not plan to sell it as a primary goal can rely on the advantages and does not have to expect disadvantages.

Thanks to the timber construction method and the versatile use of drywall, a prefabricated house is more sound-sensitive. Therefore, it is suitable for families and couples, but should not necessarily be the first choice as a multi-generational home. You yourself must take care of the air humidity, as wooden walls are known to provide dry air. However, this also has an advantage: a prefabricated house is practically mold-free and eliminates a high risk to health.

Disadvantages of building a prefabricated house

• More sound-sensitive walls & floors than in a solid house
• Difficulties in mounting furniture on the walls
• Loss of value when reselling
• Sound-sensitive

The most common questions about prefabricated houses:

These are the most common questions asked about prefabricated houses. In our article, we will answer exactly these questions so that you will learn everything you need to know about prefabricated houses.

• How much does a prefabricated house cost?
• What is meant by a prefabricated house?
• How long does it take for a prefabricated house to be built?

Funding of Prefabricated Houses: How Does the Bank Deal with a Prefabricated House?

When building or buying a house, financing under favorable conditions is always a key focus. Banks easily finance the construction of prefabricated houses and do not apply any different mortgage or land charge calculations compared to conventional construction. If you decide on a prefabricated house, you usually enjoy several advantages and can even handle part of the financing through the KfW. The reason for this is the energy efficiency of prefabricated houses, which are offered with insulation and in the function of an energy-saving house.

Appearance & Financing

Auch rein optisch unterscheidet sich ein Fertighaus auf den ersten Blick nicht von einem massiven Haus. Noch interessanter wird es, wenn Sie Ihren Wunsch nach einem schnell fertiggestellten Haus mit der Massivbauweise verbinden und sich für ein Massiv-Fertighaus entscheiden. Seit einigen Jahren können potenzielle Bauherren diese Angebote nutzen und sich gleichzeitig für ein massives Haus, wie für einen Fertigbau ohne lange Wartezeit bis zum Einzug entscheiden. Da Fertighäuser meist günstiger als massive Häuser sind, verringert sich die Verbindlichkeit bei der Bank und der Kredit wird “kleiner”. Aus diesem Grund werden Fertighäuser meist problemloser finanziert als Altbauten, die angeschafft und anschließend kernsaniert werden müssen. Das Fertighaus lädt sofort nach seiner Vollendung zum Einzug ein, ohne dass es einen Winter “ausfrieren” und erst im Frühjahr weiter gebaut werden kann. Auch dieser Punkt spart Kosten, da Sie neben der Finanzierungstilgung nicht unnötig lange zusätzliche Kosten für Mieten zahlen müssen.

Da es sich beim Fertighaus um einen Neubau handelt, rechnet die Bank den regulären Objektwert in der Finanzierung an und nimmt keine Abzüge vor. Dieser Umstand wird vor allem für Käufer von Vorteil, die eine Vollfinanzierung wünschen oder mit weniger als 20 Prozent Eigenkapital finanzieren. Die Finanzierung ist kalkulierbar und die Bank akzeptiert das Fertighaus als Sicherheit. Vor allem für Selbstnutzer zahlt sich diese Bauweise aus und ist eine Möglichkeit, schnell und kostengünstig in die eigenen vier Wände zu gelangen.

Schlüsselfertig und dennoch frei planbar – das Fertighaus

A fundamental question for all homeowners concerns financial planning. Anyone building traditionally must account for longer construction halts due to rain or the failure of trades and the need to reorient towards a craftsman with unpredictable additional costs. With a prefabricated house, such surprises are avoided, as planning and construction are handled by a single entity.

One should still not refer to it as a complete worry-free package, as unforeseen events can always occur. If you carefully choose the manufacturer of your prefabricated house, you can rule out such eventualities and be assured that you will receive all services, including official procedures. Despite the prefabricated components delivered to your plot, a prefabricated house is not a static decision. You can already let your creativity run free in the planning phase regarding room layout, floor and wall design, as well as facade design. With a prefabricated house, it is an advantage if you perform some tasks yourself and thereby achieve cost savings. Depending on your craftsmanship expertise, the self-performed work and thus the savings can be significant. In principle, a prefabricated house is not very individual. However, if you get creative, you still have some opportunities to realize your own ideas and design the house exactly according to your requirements.

Construction times, prices and manufacturers

Sie haben die Vor- und Nachteile abgewogen, die Preise und Bauzeiten verglichen und sind zu dem Schluss gekommen, dass ein Fertighaus genau die richtige Entscheidung ist? Lukinski – Ihr Hausverkauf berät Sie nicht nur zu Ihren Möglichkeiten, sondern bietet Ihnen einen überzeugenden Konditionsvorschlag in der Finanzierung.

Da wir als Immobilienmakler seit vielen Jahren Erfahrung mit Fertighäusern und ihren Herstellern haben, betreuen wir Ihr Projekt gerne vom ersten Gedanken an und sind Ihr Ansprechpartner, wenn Sie ein Fertighaus bauen möchten. Unser Tipp für Käufer: Nicht nur ein neues, sondern auch ein gebrauchtes Fertighaus ist eine gute und kostensparende Lösung.

Ein Fertighaus sollte als Alternative zum herkömmlichen Hausbau durchaus in Betracht gezogen werden. Aber was ist ein Fertighaus eigentlich genau? Wie wird es gebaut, wo sind die Unterschiede zum normalen Haus und kann ein Fertighaus optisch und praktisch auch wirklich mit einem herkömmlichen Haus mithalten?

Nach der Fertigung der Einzelteile des Hauses im Werk und der Montage des Grundgerüsts dauert er meist nur wenige Wochen, bis der Bauherr das Haus beziehen kann. Ein Fertighaus ist in diesem Sinne ein Haus, dass nicht aus Mauerstein und Beton besteht, sondern mit der Holztafel Bauweise entsteht. Es kommen zunächst viele Fragen auf aber im besonderen bleibt es zu klären, ob ein Fertighaus wirklich mit einem aus Beton und Mauern mithalten kann.

Schritt für Schritt – So entsteht ein Fertighaus

If a homeowner decides on the ‘prefabricated house’ method, the first step is to visit a model house exhibition. This allows them to assess which house they like and how it fits the plot of land. Once they have made a decision, a conversation with the sales advisor and usually the architect follows to clarify their wishes. Once everything is completed, construction can already begin and the following steps are carried out.

The Most Common Questions About Prefabricated Houses:

These are the most common questions asked about prefabricated houses. In our article, we will answer exactly these questions so that you learn everything you need to know about prefabricated houses.

• How much does a prefabricated house cost?
• What is meant by a prefabricated house?
• How long does it take for a prefabricated house to be built?

Production in the Factory

Only after receiving the building permit will the house, as previously discussed, be manufactured. Here, individual fittings and customization wishes are taken into account. Manufacturing in the factory brings many advantages, as opposed to being built directly on site in the weather, individual parts such as walls, ceilings, or roof components can be produced directly in the factory hall under optimal conditions. The quality is therefore significantly better, and working hours are reduced.

The houses are created using professional CAD software, allowing individual parts to be produced by computer-controlled machines. All these steps save a lot of time during manufacturing, and since time is money, the homeowner saves significantly on costs here.

The individual parts are assembled in the hall from beams and panels with millimeter precision, where the insulation, windows, blinds, as well as sockets and wiring are installed and plastered. All these steps and the most precise work thanks to machine use enable the quick assembly on site. Once the elements are completed, they are loaded onto the truck in the correct order of assembly and then unloaded accordingly on the construction site.

The On-Site Assembly

The base for the individual components is a solid floor slab, which is placed on the plot. A basement is also possible, which is also created using the prefabricated construction method. The prefabricated parts are mounted on the floor slab, a process that now only takes a few minutes thanks to the precise millimeter-level work during production. Since the walls already have the base plaster from the factory, they can be finally plastered, painted, or wallpapered on site after a short joint filling. Depending on the size of the ground floor, the floor slab can follow once the walls are in place. Then, just like in the ground floor, the remaining walls are erected on it. The beams of the roof truss follow, and then the roof. A prefabricated house is thus completely ready from the outside after the first 2-4 days.

The Interior Fit-Out and Handover of the House

The biggest advantage of prefabricated houses is that during construction, moisture cannot penetrate the house structure over weeks. As soon as the outer frame made of prefabricated parts is in place, the interior fit-out can immediately begin. Now there are only a few differences between a prefabricated house and a traditionally built one. Various tradespeople lay the floors, tiles, paint, and install the kitchen and bathroom. Time is also saved here through precise pre-measured work. Once everything is assembled, nothing stands in the way of the handover of the keys and the occupant’s move-in, and this can happen just a few months after the order is placed.

https://www.instagram.com/p/BnvcTMRHbiY/?tagged=fertighaus

Variety and individuality – how special a prefabricated house can be

Ready-built houses are on the rise and are not only leading in terms of energy efficiency but also in design. The ready-built houses can be equipped with any exterior facade you desire. Whether it’s a modern townhouse or rather a country house style. The design is no longer limited by any boundaries, and in terms of energy efficiency, the houses are making significant progress. Whether it’s a solar panel on the roof, triple-glazed windows, special insulation, or fireplaces that heat the house. Here, no wish remains unfulfilled, and even the green heart is delighted by the particularly environmentally friendly houses. At the same time, the wallet is saved, and the dream of owning your own house is more than fulfilled.

Construction of a ready-built house in time-lapse

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVVVTQ6etKw

]]> https://lukinski.com/patek-philippe-top-7-the-most-expensive-patek-watch-price-models/ Sat, 25 Jul 2020 17:12:35 +0000 https://lukinski.de/?p=27942 Patek Philippe Watch – The most expensive Patek Philippe – When it comes to luxury watches, there is no other manufacturer that can compete with Patek Philippe. The Swiss watch manufacturer, founded in 1839, is considered the absolute crème de la crème when it comes to high-quality (and expensive) watches. The current record among luxury watches is held by the Patek Philippe Grandmaster Chime Ref. 6300A-010 for $31,194 million, auctioned at Christie’s in Geneva in 2019. If you are looking for a watch that you are sure to like, you should get yourself a Patek Philippe watch. These are the 10 most expensive Patek Phillipe watches in the world.

Grandmaster Chime Ref. 6300A-010

1st place: Patek Philippe’s Grandmaster Chime Ref. 6300A-010 sold 2019 at Christie’s (Geneva) for $31,194 million In October 2014 Patek Philippe presented a collection of selected luxury watches that the collector’s world has been waiting for for 25 years! The highlight is the Grandmaster Chime Ref. 6300A-010 for $31 million.

1. Manufacturer: Patek Philippe
2. Model: Grandmaster Chime Ref. 6300A-010
3. Type: wrist
4. Price: $31,194 million
5. Auction of: 9.11.2019
6. Christie’s Auction House
7. Place: Geneva

2nd place: Henry Graves Supercomplication by Patek Philippe sold in 2014 by Sotheby’s (Geneva) for $23,983 million

Here you see the Henry Graves Supercomplication by Patek Philippe, the most important pocket watch in the world. The Supercomplication was first commissioned in 1925 and has an amazing 24 mechanisms. Tips on choosing the right professional: hiring an agent. This makes it the most complicated watch ever made by a watchmaker without the help of computer technology! This watch was sold for $23.9 million at the auction in Geneva on November 11th.

1. Manufacturer: Patek Philippe
2. Model: Henry Graves Supercomplication
3. Type: pocket watch
4. Price: $23,983 million
5. Auction on: 11.11.2014
6. Sotheby’s auction house.
7. Place: Geneva

Stainless Steel Ref. 1518

3rd place: Stainless Steel Ref. 1518 by Patek Philippe sold in 2016 at the Phillips auction house (Geneva) for $11,137 million

1. Manufacturer: Patek Philippe
2. Model: Stainless Steel Ref. 1518
3. Type: wrist
4. Price: $11,137 million
5. Auction of: 12.11.2016
6. Phillips Auction House
7. Place: Geneva

Live auction: Stainless Steel Ref. 1518

Gobbi Milan “Heures Universelles” Ref. 2523

4th place: Gobbi Milan “Heures Universelles” Ref. 2523 by Patek Philippe sold by Christie’s (Hong Kong) in 2019 at a price of $8,967 million

1. Manufacturer: Patek Philippe
2. Model: Gobbi Milan “Heures Universelles” Ref. 2523
3. Type: wrist
4. Price: $8,967 million
5. Auction of: 23.11.2019
6. Christie’s Auction House
7. Places: Hong Kong >/li>

Five years earlier, the watch was worth $2.9 million. This means that the Patek Philippe has increased in value by +309.2%.

Stainless Steel Ref. 5016A-010

5th place: Stainless Steel Ref. 5016A-010 from the Patek Philippe factory sold in 2015 at Phillips (Geneva) for $7,259 million

1. Manufacturer: Patek Philippe
2. Model: Stainless Steel Ref. 5016A-010
3. Type: wrist
4. Price: $7,259 million
5. Auction of: 7.11.2015
6. Phillips Auction House
7. Place: Geneva

Titanium Ref. 5208T-010

6th place: Titanium Ref. 5208T-010 from Patek Philippe sold in 2017 by Christie’s (Geneva) for $6,226 million

1. Manufacturer: Patek Philippe
2. Model: Titanium Ref. 5208T-010
3. Type: wrist
4. Price: $6,226 million
5. Auction of: 11.11.2017
6. Christie’s Auction House
7. Place: Geneva

Gold chronograph Ref. 1527

7th place: Gold chronograph Ref. 1527 by Patek Philippe sold 2010 at Christie’s (Geneva) for $5,709 million

1. Manufacturer: Patek Philippe
2. Model: Gold Chronograph Ref. 1527
3. Type: wrist
4. Price: $5,709 million
5. Auction from: 10.5.2010
6. Christie’s Auction House
7. Place: Geneva



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