Mining Company | Lukinski https://lukinski.com Sun, 08 Jan 2023 10:21:20 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.5 Balcony solar power system: advantages, installation, maintenance and costs + 3 tips on Amazon. https://lukinski.com/balcony-solar-power-system-advantages-installation-maintenance-and-costs-3-tips-on-amazon/ Fri, 09 Dec 2022 11:01:16 +0000 https://lukinski.de/balcony-solar-power-system-advantages-installation-maintenance-and-costs-3-tips-on-amazon/ Balcony Solar Power Plant – Solar power plants on the balcony (terrace or garden), often referred to as balcony power plants, are a cost-effective way to illuminate your home. This is because the use of solar energy not only reduces electricity consumption, but also reduces CO2 emissions. In addition, the purchase of a balcony solar power system is relatively inexpensive and installation is usually straightforward. Best of all, by installing a balcony solar system, you can reduce your electricity costs by up to 80%.

Advantages of a balcony solar system

Solar panels on the balcony are a great way to generate electricity while protecting the environment. This is because solar energy is a sustainable energy source that produces no emissions. In addition, it is inexpensive and easy to install.

A balcony solar system has many advantages. On the one hand, it is environmentally friendly, since it does not cause emissions. On the other hand, it is cost-effective, since the investment costs for a system are relatively low. The running costs for maintenance and servicing are also low.

In addition, a balcony solar system is easy to install. All you need is a solid substructure to which the panels can be attached. Even for laymen, the installation is usually no problem.

So, if you are considering whether to invest in a balcony solar installation, then you should carefully consider the above advantages. Because solar energy is not only environmentally friendly, but also inexpensive and easy to install.

Advantages of a balcony solar system

Balcony solar systems save money: By installing a balcony solar system, you can reduce your electricity costs by up to 80%. They are environmentally friendly: Solar power is a renewable energy source and thus contributes significantly to climate protection. You are independent: Solar power is generated directly on site and you are therefore no longer dependent on the price trends of the electricity market. You have a high return on investment: The investment in a Balkon solar system pays for itself after only 5-7 years.

The advantages of a balcony power plant at a glance:

  1. Balcony solar systems save money
  2. You live more environmentally friendly
  3. You are more independent
  4. You have a high profitability

Disadvantages of a balcony solar system

The disadvantages of a balcony solar system at a glance:

  1. A balcony solar system is relatively expensive to purchase
  2. The installation of a balcony solar system can be costly
  3. A balcony solar system requires regular maintenance and care to function optimally
  4. In bad weather, a balcony solar system can generate less electricity than in good weather
  5. A balcony solar system takes up space and can interfere with the view

That to the pros and cons of a balcony solar system. Now my 3 recommendations on Amazon.

Recommendations on Amazon: My top 3

Many buyers, 4-5 stars in the rating, with these solar panels you can become self-sufficient.

EcoFlow: 400 W solar module

EcoFlow’s 400W solar panel is extremely powerful and can provide a significant amount of power to your power station. It is foldable and comes with a carrying bag with adjustable stand, so it can be transported comfortably. The solar panel is also very efficient and weighs only 16 kg.

Dokio: 110-W solar module (up to 300-W)

The solar panel is super practical and can be folded to save space. Whether in your backpack, bike bag, car or camper: take this mobile power plant with you everywhere.

Firefly: 100W solar panel

The solar charger from has a cell conversion efficiency of up to 23% and is particularly efficient due to our advanced manufacturing process. This results in improved output power compared to conventional solar panels. The unit is compact and easy to transport, so you can take it anywhere. The attached stands support the panel and allow you to adjust the angle to get the best performance. Three USB ports and two DC output ports give you more charging options.

Extra Tip! Flexible solar model from Dokio

Have you ever seen this before? A flexible solar panel with 4+ stars. Balcony, caravan, on the road with the family – The semi-flexible solar module weighs only 1.1kg and can even be bent up to 30% due to its thin but robust cell structure. It has a special surface coating which protects it from external effects such as salt water, hail, rain and wind. It can be easily attached to eyelets or glued with adhesive. This makes it ideal for caravans, boats, curved and small surfaces.

Installation of the balcony solar system

Installing a balcony solar system is relatively simple and can usually be done by anyone. However, there are some points that should be considered before starting the work. First of all, you should find out the size of the system and make sure that you have enough space for installation. Secondly, one must make sure that the plant is installed on a stable surface so that it cannot fall down. Thirdly, one must make sure that all the components are properly connected before connecting the power.

After learning about the above points, you can start installing the balcony solar system. First, you should place the solar system in the desired location on the balcony and make sure that all components are present. After that, one should fix the solar cells on the surface and then make the connection between the solar cells and the inverter. After everything is connected, you can connect the power and put the system into operation.

Installation: Instructions in 6 steps

The instructions in short:

  1. Determine position for solar system (direction of sun)
  2. Secure / clean area for installation
  3. Measuring, procuring tools
  4. Frame installation
  5. Install solar panel
  6. Connect solar system

Determine position for solar system (direction of sun)

Step 1 – Determine the best position for the solar installation on your balcony. Take into account the course of the sun and the shadows cast by other parts of the building to achieve optimal results.

Secure / clean area for installation

Step 2 – Make sure the area is safe and complies with the manufacturer’s instructions. For example, check that there is no dirt or that there is an obstacle nearby that could interfere with mounting.

Measuring, procuring tools

Step 3 – Measure all components again and obtain all necessary tools and materials.

Frame installation

Step 4 – Start installing the frame towards the sun and adjust it based on the size and angle you measured. Make sure the frame is securely fastened; check its stability several times, especially in the wind.

Install solar panel

Step 5 – Now install the solar modules on the frame and connect them with cables. Make sure that all connection contacts are securely insulated and that the connection plugs are free of interference – loose modules can cause damage!

Connect solar system

Step 6 – Finally, attach the inverter, connect it to the power grid and regulate the voltage transformers for maximum efficient operation of the system. At the end, test again all the functional units of the solar system for proper operation!

Maintenance and care of the balcony solar system

Maintenance and care of the balcony solar system is relatively simple and straightforward. All you need for this are a few utensils and means that you can find in any household. First of all, you should regularly inspect your system and check if everything is in order. To do this, you just need to look on the balcony to see if all the components are in place and do not have any damage. Also, you should check if the plant is completely covered, so that it can not be damaged.

Additionally, you should clean your system regularly to prevent dirt or debris from building up. There are several ways to do this: First, you can wash the system with lukewarm water and then rub it dry with a cloth. Alternatively, you can also use a mild cleaning agent to clean the system. However, make sure that this agent is not too strong and does not have any negative effects on the components.

Cost-benefit analysis of the balcony solar system

A balcony solar system can pay for itself in the long run. Buying a solar system is an investment and can pay off for the owner in a number of ways. The savings from operating the system can be significant if you choose the right size and make good use of the energy generated.

Cost of installation by craftsman

The cost of a balcony solar system varies depending on the provider and type of system. On average, a fully installed balcony solar system costs between 8,000 and 12,000 euros. However, there are numerous factors that influence the price, such as the size of the system, the cost of the installation process, and any government subsidy programs.

In terms of savings, it is estimated that a balcony solar system can save approximately 10,000 to 15,000 euros in energy costs over its life cycle of about 20 years. Depending on the particular consumption and the efficiency of the system, this value may vary. The savings are greater the more electricity is produced, so it may make sense to invest in a slightly larger system than originally planned.

Cheap balcony solar power systems: do-it-yourself installation

If you are looking for an inexpensive way to generate electricity on your balcony and at the same time want to learn something new – why not think about building a solar system? With Amazon’s wide range of high quality products, it’s fast and cheap!

Above you will find my tips for solar systems with good reviews!

Mitigate long-term environmental problems

In addition, there are other benefits to installing a balcony solar system: For example, solar systems help conserve fossil fuel sources and reduce carbon emissions – which, in turn, can help alleviate long-term environmental problems. In addition, individuals with solar systems can generate revenue by “pumping” excess electricity into the public grid. This concept is known as grid parity, and it makes it possible for homeowners to earn money by selling their solar energy to underserved regions or giving it to other homeowners.

Investment costs and long-term savings

Although the initial investment in a Balkon solar system is high, it offers many potentials for financial savings and positive impact on the environment and the community – making it a worthwhile investment. With rising energy prices, it has become increasingly important to use alternative energy sources – making it even more important to invest in solar systems to reap the benefits of clean energy production!

Solar in the electricity mix: annual increase

Here you can see the share of photovoltaics in gross electricity generation in Germany from 2002 to 2021, which is rising and rising. Each new solar module feeds more into the system.

Statistik: Anteil der Photovoltaik an der Bruttostromerzeugung in Deutschland in den Jahren 2002 bis 2021 | Statista

You can find more statistics at Statista

]]> Organs of a GmbH – managing director, supervisory board & company meeting https://lukinski.com/organs-of-a-gmbh-managing-director-supervisory-board-company-meeting/ Mon, 08 Mar 2021 14:48:20 +0000 https://lukinski.de/organs-of-a-gmbh-managing-director-supervisory-board-company-meeting/ A limited liability company consists of several bodies. The managing directors deal with the day-to-day business and other matters of the company and represent their company externally in accordance with the GmbHG. The supervisory board is required by law above a certain number of employees and acts as a controlling body of the company by appointing and advising the management, but also by monitoring and, in case of doubt, dismissing it. Alternatively, its establishment can also be determined within the framework of the articles of association. The shareholders’ meeting acts as the decision-making body of the GmbH. Here you can find all legal forms and here, you can go back to the overview GmbH.

Organs of a GmbH – management, control & resolution

A limited liability company can only function if all its bodies work together. This requires a high level of trust and an equally high level of reliability for the individual shareholders.

Managing Director – The Management Body

A GmbH has at least one managing director who, according to his employment, is characterised by a management authority in the internal relationship and a power of representation in the external relationship. This can be one of the GmbH shareholders – one then also speaks of shareholder managing directors – but does not have to be. The term of office is not limited in time.

Supervisory Board – The supervisory body + Labour Director

The composition of the supervisory board is prescribed in different legal sources depending on the number of employees of a company. A supervisory board consists of both members of the company – i.e. the shareholders – and employees, with all members of the supervisory board having the same rights and obligations.

If the company has fewer than 500 employees, the law does not require the establishment of a supervisory board. In this case, the GmbH may decide for itself whether or not a supervisory body appears to make sense for the company from a situational point of view.

One-Third Participation Act for more than 500 employees

If there are more than 500 employees, the One-Third Participation Act (DrittelbG) comes into play. This limits the supervisory board to a minimum of three and a maximum of 21 council members. The size of the supervisory board is directly related to the size of the company. As the name of the law suggests, one third of the supervisory board must be made up of employees, who are elected as employee representatives by the entire workforce in a ballot.

Montan Co-Determination Act for more than 1,000 employees (coal and steel industry)

Coal and steel companies with more than 1,000 employees are subject to the Coal and Steel Co-Determination Act (Montan-MitbestG). Companies that are active in mining and the iron and steel producing industry are considered to be part of the coal and steel industry. The supervisory board is formed on an equal footing between the employer side and the employee side. In addition, the so-called “neutral man” is appointed. As a rule, the supervisory board consists of eleven members – depending on the share capital, it can be expanded to 15 or 21 members if necessary. Furthermore, there is a requirement to appoint an equal member to the Board of Management as Director of Labor Relations. All members of the Supervisory Board are elected at the Company’s Annual General Meeting, taking into account the proposals made by the Works Council.

Co-determination Act for more than 2,000 employees

In the case of more than 2,000 employees, on the other hand, the German Co-Determination Act of 1976 (MitbestG) applies. Accordingly, the supervisory board is composed of equal numbers of employees and shareholders. The shareholders’ side provides the chairman of the supervisory board, who may make use of his double vote in the event of a stalemate. In addition, an equal member must be appointed to the management board to take the position of labor director. Depending on the size of the company, between twelve and 20 supervisory board members may be appointed according to the MitbestG. If the GmbH does not have more than 8,000 employees, the election takes place directly; in all other cases, the election is conducted by secret ballot and is subject to the principles of proportional representation.

Shareholders’ meeting – The decision-making body

A shareholders’ meeting is convened by registered letter from the managing director(s). During the meeting, the GmbH shareholders can discuss and vote on important matters of the company, which is why the shareholders’ meeting is also defined as a decision-making body. Each shareholder receives votes in proportion to his share in the company. Thereby, the shareholder is granted one vote per 50 Euros.

Establish a GmbH: Legal form and alternatives

  1. Limited liability company (GmbH)
  2. Special case: Real estate GmbH
  3. Legal forms: List

Limited liability company (GmbH)

Limited Liability Company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, GmbH) – The limited liability company is a German legal form that is founded by at least one person and managed by at least one shareholder. As the name already indicates, this corporate legal form is characterized by a limitation of liability for its shareholder(s).

Special case: Real estate GmbH

Immobilien GmbH / Vermögensverwaltende GmbH / Immobiliengesellschaft – In this article you will learn the basics about real estate companies. Who would think of founding a limited liability company when buying a house or a condominium? Admittedly, this makes no sense for owner-occupation, but it does for renting.

Here you will find all the legal forms that can be chosen as a founder in Germany and a guide with a checklist:

Legal forms: List

Legal forms – What types of company are there? If you want to start your first company, then choosing the ideal legal form is one of the first steps in the process of setting up a company. Whether it’s a special real estate company or a start-up, I’ve summarized all the types of companies in Germany for you here.

]]> Trade tax (GewSt) explained simply: Calculation, tax-free amount and assessment rate https://lukinski.com/trade-tax-gewst-explained-simply-calculation-tax-free-amount-and-assessment-rate/ Mon, 08 Mar 2021 14:09:26 +0000 https://lukinski.de/trade-tax-gewst-explained-simply-calculation-tax-free-amount-and-assessment-rate/ Trade tax – Most legal forms of business are subject to taxation. Depending on the legal form, income tax, corporate income tax, sales tax, trade tax and/or capital gains tax are due by law. Under certain circumstances, it is possible for some companies to be exempted from one or more of these types of tax. When is trade tax payable? How much trade tax is payable? Who is subject to trade tax? When do you not have to pay trade tax? An overview! Back to: Taxes.

Trade tax (GewSt) – tax for commercial enterprises

As a rule, trade tax – GewSt for short – is levied on the income of every German commercial enterprise and is therefore based on the objective earning power of the respective company. Since limited liability companies, stock corporations and the like are always regarded as commercial enterprises by virtue of their legal form, trade tax is mandatory for corporations – regardless of the composition of the founding team.

Other taxes for businesses:

If you want to learn more specifically about taxes for real estate companies, you can learn more here:

Trade tax in detail – collection, levy & allowances

As an object or property tax, trade tax is by its nature one of the real taxes. Effectively, it belongs to the municipal taxes and contributes significantly to their financial system. The municipalities are entitled to levy the tax and set the tax rate valid for one year by resolution. Trade tax is payable quarterly in equal instalments on 15 February, 15 May, 15 August and 15 November. As of the 2008 tax period, these taxes are no longer deductible as a business expense, but can be offset as a lump sum against the income tax payable.

Dates for advance payment of business tax:

  • February 15
  • May 15
  • August 15
  • November 15

According to the Trade Tax Act (GewStG), natural persons and partnerships may offset their tax burden with an exemption amount – currently 24,500 euros; legal entities may reduce their tax burden by a reduced exemption amount – currently 3,900 euros.

Which companies are subject to GewSt?

Most commercial enterprises are charged with trade tax. Since all corporations are in principle considered to be commercial enterprises, this type of tax is particularly relevant for the limited liability company (GmbH) and the stock corporation (AG).

In addition, the general partnership (OHG) and the civil law partnership (GbR) are usually subject to trade tax – at least insofar as their annual income exceeds 24,500 euros. However, a GbR among freelancers remains exempt from trade tax. The same applies to the freelancers themselves: A sole proprietorship only has to pay trade tax levies if the company founder is a small trader or a registered merchant (e. Kfm.).

Overview of company law forms

You can find more information about the different legal forms under the following links. Starting with the sole proprietorship and the registered traders… to the various partnerships and corporations… to other companies such as the family foundation – all the essential aspects of formation, liability, tax burden and more explained simply and understandably! First of all, an overview of the individual legal forms of companies:

Taxes in Germany: List

Corporation tax (KSt), income tax (ESt), capital gains tax (KapESt), turnover tax (USt), trade tax (GewSt) – who pays what? In this overview of the different types of taxes / tax forms in Germany, you will find relevant taxes for you as an individual and for your business, depending on which legal form you have chosen. Also, after the tax list: How does the tax cycle work around month-end closing, year-end closing and balance sheet? A little insight for those starting their first company. What taxes are there? Simple explanations, definitions, tax optimization, an insight into taxes.

]]> Value added tax (VAT) simply explained: amount, delivery & service – “VAT” for companies https://lukinski.com/value-added-tax-vat-simply-explained-amount-delivery-service-vat-for-companies/ Mon, 08 Mar 2021 14:05:15 +0000 https://lukinski.de/value-added-tax-vat-simply-explained-amount-delivery-service-vat-for-companies/ Value added tax – Most legal forms of business are subject to tax. Depending on the legal form, income tax, corporate income tax, sales tax, trade tax and/or capital gains tax are due by law. Under certain circumstances, it is possible for some companies to be exempt from one or more of these types of tax. What is the value added tax? What is the difference between VAT and sales tax? What is sales tax, simply explained? An overview! Back to: Taxes.

Value added tax (VAT) – tax for delivery & service

Value added tax – VAT for short – is usually levied on all turnover generated by a company in Germany for VAT purposes. This includes all supplies and services – as well as occasional ancillary transactions – that the company provides against payment as part of its business activities. VAT amounts that a company has paid for supplies and services it has received and that can be substantiated can be claimed as input tax deductions and thus reduce the entrepreneur’s VAT burden.

From an economic point of view, the own turnover tax thus represents a general consumption tax, but in Germany it ultimately functions as a transfer tax and is ultimately charged to the end consumer. Because it is passed on, sales tax is typically classified as an indirect tax. Currently, the standard German VAT rate is 19 percent – 7 percent on reduced goods – and is one of the main sources of revenue for financing the federal budget.

Other taxes for businesses:

If you want to learn more specifically about taxes for real estate companies, you can learn more here:

Which companies are subject to VAT?

Most companies do not only carry out tax-exempt turnover and are therefore naturally burdened with turnover tax. Therefore, this type of tax is basically relevant for all common legal forms of companies, starting with sole proprietorships (EU) and BGB companies (GbR)… to the general partnerships (OHG) and limited partnerships (KG)… to the limited liability companies (GmbH) as well as the stock corporations (AG).

In common parlance, the term value added tax – VAT for short – is often used and is sometimes also indicated on invoices or receipts. The name comes from the understanding that a tax is levied in trade and production at several stages of the value chain, whereas VAT uses the turnover generated from a sale or in a similar way as the basis of assessment. In purely fiscal terms, however, the term value added tax is no longer used in Germany; instead, there is talk of a sales tax with input tax deduction.

Overview of company law forms

You can find more information about the different legal forms under the following links. Starting with the sole proprietorship and the registered traders… to the various partnerships and corporations… to other companies such as the family foundation – all the essential aspects of formation, liability, tax burden and more explained simply and understandably! First of all, an overview of the individual legal forms of companies:

Taxes in Germany: List

Corporation tax (KSt), income tax (ESt), capital gains tax (KapESt), turnover tax (USt), trade tax (GewSt) – who pays what? In this overview of the different types of taxes / tax forms in Germany, you will find relevant taxes for you as an individual and for your business, depending on which legal form you have chosen. Also, after the tax list: How does the tax cycle work around month-end closing, year-end closing and balance sheet? A little insight for those starting their first company. What taxes are there? Simple explanations, definitions, tax optimization, an insight into taxes.

]]>