Rental yield: definition & calculation

Should you decide on a yield property for your real estate investment, the question quickly arises:

Is this property worthwhile as an investment?

After all, buying real estate does not only entail immense costs at the beginning. There are also ongoing operating costs to be paid later on during the rental period. So to make sure that this expense is worthwhile, there is the rental yield. In other words, the rental yield puts your investment in relation to the potential rental income.

Formula for gross rental yield: percentage

To calculate the rental yield, the cold rent (without operating costs) and the purchase price of the property must be put into relation. The complete formula is:

Annual net income / investment * 100 = rental yield

The result is then in percent. The higher the percentage, the better the return. And the better the return, the more you earn from the property. As a real estate investor, you should ideally build up wealth again directly so that you can then invest it in further real estate as a capital investment.

Yield & location: A, B & C location

The decisive factor for the rental yield is the location of your property. Is the property in an A, B or C location? What about the macro and micro location? And is it a yield or investment property? Depending on the location, the respective property types have different rental yields.

A-location: Frankfurt & Munich

Typical for A-locations are low yields and a steady increase in value. Over the long term, therefore, rental yields rise here just as the value of the property itself does. The best examples of this are top A locations such as Munich and Frankfurt:

• Munich Ø Yield ~ 3
• Frankfurt Ø Yield ~ 4

B-location: Dresden & Nuremberg

In principle, B locations also have good returns. In addition, there has also been a significant increase in value here. The ideal rental yield in B locations is between 5 and 6 percent:

• Dresden Ø Yield ~ 5
• Nuremberg Ø Yield ~ 6

C-location: Wuppertal, Chemnitz, Krefeld

Gross rental yields are highest in C locations. On the other hand, there is no increase in value and the risk of vacancy is higher. Here are some examples:

• Wuppertal Ø Yield ~ 7
• Chemnitz Ø Yield ~ 8
• Krefeld Ø Yield ~10

Conclusion: What is the minimum rental yield?

The amount of the rental yield is therefore calculated according to a fixed formula and varies depending on the location and type of property. In principle, the higher the yield, the more profit is made. And the better the location, the lower the yield. Thus, yield properties are worthwhile above all in B and C locations, while you should choose properties in A locations above all for investment properties.

Learn more about rental yield here:

• Rental yield: Return on real estate (external)

If you want to learn even more on the subject of buying a property, whether owner-occupied or capital investment, numerous articles, guides on the subject of rented vs unrented, as well as checklists, all free and 24 hours online available, with us!

Apartment, house, apartment building, everything for real estate beginners!

Now new on Immobilien-Erfahrung.de:

• Buy property: learn – external

Miami: Florida Real Estate and Property Investment

Miami may be synonymous with celebrities living in multi-million dollar mansions, some of the world’s best nightlife, and beaches, but it’s a lot more. There’s a massive cultural scene, there are great schools, and much more. For these many reasonss Miami is considered a future star of the American real estate market. Take a look below, what living in Miami’s super luxury can mean for you. Whether you want to buy a house or buy an apartment, Miami can give what you’re looking for.

Miami Mega-Mansion House Tour – $17.9 Million Beach Mansion

This ultra-modern luxury mansion is on the market for a whopping $17.9 million. For good reason though, as it has everything you’d want. Located on the man-made Venetian Islands, this place is everything your wildest dreams could imagine.

Located on the Venetian Islands, this is a home you want to have seen at least once in your life. A massive 7 bedrooms, and 7,5 bathrooms also mean that you can have as many guests over as you’d like, and you won’t run out of room.

• Location: 825 E Dilido Dr, Miami Beach, FL
• Price: $17.9 mil.
• Bedrooms: 7
• Bathrooms: 7,5
• Square feet: 8.048

What are Miami’s Industries? Miami Economy Explained

Miami is a somewhat wealthy economy. It has massive sectors of retail trade, service industry (hotels, restaurants, etc.), and construction. Miami’s current unemployment rate lies at 3,2%, which is below the US average, and much lower than e.g. Los Angeles, with 5,1%. You also cannot forget the massive tourism industry which takes charge in this city. The massive airport, prime vacation activities with everything from yacht, golf, and country clubs, diving, some of the world’s best restaurants, and so much more.

• Retail
• Service
• Construction
• Manufacturing

Where does Miami Rank in Cost of Living – Is Miami Expensive to Live?

In the cost of living index published by Numbeo, Miami is ranked 24th (77,49), New York and San Francisco are miles ahead, taking spots 2 and 4 respectively, while America’s other party city Las Vegas is comfortably in 79th place. The average restaurant trip here will cost $15,00 and a loaf of bread $2,99. In addition to rent, which is on average $1.325-$1.1.884 (1 Bedroom apartment) or $2.527-$3.688 (3 Bedroom apartment), basic utilities for a month cost $146 and the average internet plan $68. This is all to be taken in relation to the average salary, which is $3.362 a month after tax. To see how LV stacks up against other big metropolises, take a look below:

• Hamilton, BE (147,00) – 1
• New York City, NY (100,00) – 2
• San Francisco, CA (94,17) – 4
• Los Angeles, CA (81,31) – 15
• Miami, FL (77,98) – 25
• Las Vegas, NV (68,24) – 79

Rent Index – How Expensive is Rent in Miami?

Rent in Miami is quite high, ranking 16th highest for North American cities with a rent index of 62,01. The rent index tells you the relative price of rent. With many workers in this city passing through or only staying for a few years, rent can be an important thing to take a look at. Miami has very high rent, and a comparatively low average salary. Take a look at the ranking below, with rent index and position for North American cities:

• San Francisco, CA (116,48) – 1
• New York City, NY (100,00) – 2
• Los Angeles, CA (75,17) – 10
• Miami, FL (62,01) – 16
• Las Vegas, NV (38,99) – 64

Miami – Beach Drone Flight in Florida

One of the most famous ocean cities in the world. This is a beauty to look at. Some of the most modern architecture, and the decadent style which the U.S. is so famous for worldwide. Pure elegance.

Real Estate Investment: Luxury Properties in Miami

Miami is one of the hottest cities in the USA, and therefore, no surprise, it is also one of the hottest real estate markets in the country. Filled with super high-end condos, luxury villas, and more, this is an enticing market for the wealthy.

Rent Prices Miami – Should I Rent or Buy in Las Vegas?

It’s always important to look at the prices when thinking about whether to buy or rent. You should also think about two other things though. Your preferences, and the permanence that you want from your living situation. If you have a preference to let other people take care of major things, like cleaning public areas, etc. renting may be a good option. Additionally, with a job where you are likely to relocate frequently or have an uncertain job situation, renting is the clear best option. The average rent is $1.708, with an average apartment being 887 square feet. This comes out to

• Average Rent: $1.708
• Average Apartment Size: 887 sq. feet

What type of Real Estate Should I invest in?

Types of Real Estate Investment

Is Miami a Good Real Estate Investment? Property Investment Miami Overview

Miami is a growing market at the moment. At least in terms of prices: in the greater Miami area, median sales price increased by 5.5%! At the moment, there is little movement though, with a demand being met by an equal supply. Ideally, for investment a buyer would hope for more supply which would drive down prices, but a balanced market is also a good sign because that means sales are being met at about asking price. In fact, in Miami, at the moment, most sales are occuring at 3% below asking price, meaning many buyers are getting a good deal. Some numbers:

• Median Sale Price (Miami-Dade): $410.000
• Median Sale Price (Broward): $400.000
• Median Time to Sale (Miami-Dade): 92 Days
• Median Time to Sale (Broward): 73 Days

How Expensive is Real Estate in Miami?

On average, a property in Miami costs $678.000. This is higher than the median sales price, which indicates that there are some extremely expensive homes being sold which are driving this average up.

• Average Price: $678.000

Most Expensive Neighbourhoods in Miami – What is the Richest Neighborhood in Miami?

The most expensive real estate in Miami is found in Miami Beach. This small island makes up a large part of the luxury real estate market. Also popular are the Venetian Islands, manmade islands with some of the east coast’s most exclusive properties. Another area to keep in mind: Fisher Island, another of the famous islands lining Miami’s coral-blue waters. The most expensive neighborhood in Miami is Indian Creek Island. You basically can’t get more high class than this, and may not find it on other lists as these properties won’t be sold over zillow. These are the richest neighborhoods in Miami:

1. Indian Creek Island: $15.000.000 – $47.000.000
2. North Bay Road: $7.500.000 – $45.000.000
3. Star Island: $7.100.000 – $28.000.000
4. Hibiscus Island: $1.200.000 – $14.200.000
5. Venetian Islands: $1.000.000 – $25.700.000

Miami Taxes – Property Taxes, Income Tax

If you live in Miami you’ll likely need to pay taxes here. As it is not one of the USA’s top tax havens, this may also be more expensive than you’d like. Let us take a closer look at tax rates in USA’s most unique state in Florida, and its star Miami. Thinking of buying? Don’t forget the buying real estate taxes.

Miami Tax Rates – Are Taxes High in Miami?

Miami, as it is in Florida, is one of the metropolises, along with Las Vegas, to not have an income tax. This makes it attractive to high earners, who will have to give away less of their income to the state

• Income Tax: 0%
• Sales Tax: 7,0%

Miami Property Tax Rates – Florida Rankings

Miami may not have income tax, but like so often, this is compensated via other forms of tax. This may explain an effective property tax rate which is higher than most other US property tax rates. Compare it to Los Angeles at 0,75% or New York property taxes at 0,86%. Take a look below to see what you need to know about miami property tax rates:

• Avg. US Property Tax – 1,1%
• Avg. Florida Property Tax – 0,94%
• Miami Property Tax – 1,04%
• Miami-Dade County – 0,97%

Want to learn more about property taxes, how they work, and how high they are in Florida, how high they are in Miami?

Florida Property Taxes

Safest Neighborhoods in Miami – Lowest Crime Rates

What are the safest areas in Miami? We’ve taken a look at the crime rates, and found that a few neighborhoods stand out among the rest. The safest area is certainly Brickell Hammock. Take a look at the full ranking below!

1. Brickell Hammock
2. Highland Lakes / Sun Swept Isles
3. SW 136th St / SW 99th Ave
4. SW 127th Ave / SW 56th St
5. SW 54th Ave / SW 80th St
6. SW 102nd Ave / SW 128th St
7. Kendale Blvd / SW 88th St
8. Krome Ave
9. Krome Ave / SW 12Th St
10. SW 42nd St / SW 162nd Ave

Top Miami Neighborhoods – What is the Best Neighborhood to Live in Las Vegas?

We present the most important, hottest, and up-and-coming neighborhoods to keep in mind. They are a mix of hot, up-and-coming artists’ districts, as well as safe bets, luxury neighborhoods, and anywhere else where real estate investment is a good option at the moment. Our top Miami neighborhoods for real estate are:

1. Downtown Miami
2. Coral Gables
3. Little Haiti
4. Bayshore
5. Pinecrest
6. Coconut Grove

Downtown Miami – Tropical Manhattan

Hom to some of the most important finance institutions in the city, this area is also home to Bayfront Park, the InterContinental Hotel, and Bayside Market, so there’s plenty to see. There’s also some of Miami’s famous resstaurants here. Regarding real estate it’s a mixed bag, which makes this all the more attractive. Properties differ heavily in price-to-quality ratios, so you may have to be careful, but there’s tons of diamonds in the rough. There are a lot of alluring properties available. However, you should definitely do some research before committing to purchasing a rental unit in the south.

Coral Gables – The Undeniable Suburbia

Possibly the most prototypical Miami neighborhood, Coral Gables is known worldwide. It is extremely safe, beuatiful, and has beutiful real estate. Of course you can’t say it’s a hidden gem, but it is one of the safest investment options. Miami is growing, and its undeniable perfect neighborhood will become only more desirable with shrinking spaces.

• Median Price: $420.000

Little Haiti – Hip and Trendy Miami

This used to be one of the worst areas in Miami. Over time it has earned a reputation for its vibrant diverse cultural scene, with great food, a completely unique atmosphere, and away from the clean and sterile neighborhoods found on manmade islands across the water. Like Little Havana, you can expect this area to become a future superstar in the city. Median property here costs $373.000, so get it while it’s cheap!

• Median Price: $373.000

Bayshore – Miami’s Best Rental Investment

Some places you want to live, and in some places you want to rent out. Bayshore is where you want to rent out. Buying property here is comparably cheap to the rent that you can get from tenants. At the same time, prices for rent are increasing, while prices to buy are staying steady. Located on Miami Beach, you’re at a great position to get everywhere, and if Miami continues to grow as it has, prices will likely increase in the longterm as well.

Pinecrest – Area for Young Professionals

Pinecrest is a great compromise between the sprawling millionaire homes in Coral Gables or the Venetian Islands, and the rough and trendy of Little Havana or Little Haiti. It has great schools, is safe, and diverse, but it also has good nightlife and has many hip cafes and young professionals. If you’re 32 with a small family and a startup, this is the place to go in Miami, without a doubt.

• Pop.: 19.200

Coconut Grove – Raising a Family in Miami

Coconut Grove is exactly the suburban, family-friendly utopia that the name implies. It is beautiful, with eclectic and attractive architecture, as well as small streets and no highways passing through. The price reflects the quality though. With a median price of $930.000, not everyone will be able to afford it, but to live here is certainly the right decision if you want a quiet suburban home to raise a family.

Joint stock company: formation, advantages and disadvantages

In the following, you will find out everything you need to know about setting up an AG. How do you become a shareholder of an AG? What are incomplete and complete companies? What are the advantages? What are the disadvantages? How do I set up a company? What is a company? Many questions – many answers! Plus everything you need to know about taxes and real estate trading.

If you’re considering forming a corporation, the first thing you need to know about is the formation process: Who can incorporate, when, at how many, what exactly… what are the differences and similarities between the various forms of corporate law? It is equally important to know the advantages and disadvantages of an AG: From profit distribution to saving taxes – an overview of the seven most important founding criteria for you.

What are the founding criteria?

1. Number of shareholders
2. Management
3. Foundation
4. Company name
5. Funding
6. Liability
7. Profit distribution

Corporation AG: Management according to HGB

In the entrepreneurial world, there are many different forms of business you can choose from. They are roughly divided into two categories, namely sole proprietorship and companies, which in turn are divided into incomplete companies – these include dormant companies and BGB companies – and complete companies – partnerships, corporations and some more.

The stock corporation – AG for short – is one of the so-called complete companies and, in contrast to incomplete companies, is not subject to the German Civil Code (BGB) but to the German Commercial Code (HGB). As a corporation, the AG has a more complex structure than other forms of corporate law, since – like a limited liability company (GmbH) – it cannot simply be founded informally, but rather certain formal requirements must be met in advance for the company to be founded. This essentially includes the notarial certification of the shareholders’ agreement.

Other typical corporations:

• European Company (Societas Europaea, abbreviated to SE)
• Partnership limited by shares (KGaA)
• Entrepreneurial company / UG (limited liability)
• Limited liability company (GmbH)

Together with the GmbH, the stock corporation is the best-known form of corporation. In Germany, it is primarily chosen as the legal form for listed companies and is considered the “big sister” of the limited liability company – not least because of the higher founding capital.

Legal form variant AG & Co KGaA – KGaA with general partner AG

Sometimes the AG also appears in combination with a partnership limited by shares (KGaA). Family businesses, for example, occasionally organise themselves as Aktiengesellschaft & Compagnie Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien – in short: AG & Co KGaA. In this case, they form a stock corporation in the legal sense – however, the general partner as a personally liable partner is not just any natural person, but specifically also a stock corporation. If the general partner is instead embodied by a GmbH, it is referred to as a GmbH & Co KGaA, and in the case of a Societas Europaea, as an SE & Co KGaA.

More about the individual hybrid forms:

• GmbH & Co KGaA – see limited liability company (GmbH)
• SE & Co KGaA – see Societas Europaea (SE)

Companies operating under the legal form variant of AG & Co KGaA have only existed since the end of the 1990s, following the unambiguous declaration of open legal issues by a court ruling of the Federal Court of Justice (BGF). The holding company of the well-known Hornbach Baumarkt AG, Hornbach Immobilien AG and Hornbach Baustoff Union GmbH has opted for the formation of an AG & Co KGaA, as have many other companies from a wide range of sectors: Ticketing & Live Entertainment, Medical and Security Technology, Adhesives, Cleaning Agents and Beauty Care, to name but a few.

Examples of AG & Co KGaA companies:

• CTS EVENTIM AG & Co. KGaA
• Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA
• Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA
• Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
• HORNBACH HOLDING AG & Co. KGaA
• ProCredit Holding AG & Co. KGaA

CEWE Stiftung & Co. KGaA is a special case: In this company, the general partner is embodied by a foundation. In principle, the partnership limited by shares is possible in all conceivable combinations, as GUB Investment Trust KGaA points out as an example.

Continue reading here on the topic of setting up a family foundation:

• Establish a family foundation

Establishment & Formation of an AG – From Articles of Association to Registration

You want to found an AG and live your dream of independence in reality? No problem! Because for the foundation of a GmbH a natural – or legal – person is completely sufficient. If you want, you can be the sole founder of the company – called a shareholder – and thus automatically be the sole managing member of the board of directors. Such a one-person AG is often called a “small public limited company”. However, it is not possible to go it alone: a “small AG” must appoint at least three supervisory board members, which means that the smallest possible public limited company consists of four people.

The process of founding an AG can be divided into two phases, namely the internal formation of the AG and the external formation of the AG. While the first phase is basically a kind of preparatory phase or pre-foundation – in other words, it forms the basic framework for your public limited company – in the second phase you present your company to the public.

Phase 1 – Preparation & Basic Framework

You set up your public limited company internally. One of the most important steps is to draw up articles of association for your AG – also known as a shareholders’ agreement – which must later be certified by a notary public. For the formulation of the articles of association, all founding members must be fully present and the future executive board and the future supervisory board must also be present. At this first meeting it is decided how announcements are to be made in the company and how many board members are to be appointed.

Together you also decide on the company name – i.e. the name of your company as it is to be entered in the commercial register -, the registered office, the amount of share capital – 50,000 euros or more – as well as the nominal value and the number of shares, including details of the respective share type. From bearer shares to par value shares – find out more about the individual types of shares here:

• Types of shares – transferability, legal scope & share capital breakdown

The second step is the acquisition of the shares and the appointment of the bodies of a joint stock company, which must be notarized. The deposit of the securities itself can also take place after the notary appointment. Optionally, the auditor for the annual financial statements can already be appointed here. The supervisory board then appoints the management board of the public limited company as its first official act. At this point at the latest, the contributions must also be paid into the business account until at least a quarter of the share capital has been recorded.

Phase 2 – Entry in the Commercial Register

To complete the formation process for your public limited company, your company must be entered in the commercial register. This step equips the public limited company with its own legal personality and signals to the public that a new public limited company exists on the market. The founding members together with the supervisory board and executive board carry out the application for registration in the commercial register together. An overview of all supervisory and executive board members, various deeds and notarial certifications are required, the contribution of the shares must be documented and a price for the subsequent share issue must be defined.

After all documents and records have been submitted, the registration court assesses whether the formation of the public limited company has been carried out properly. In a final step, the entry is made in the commercial register and your public limited company is officially deemed to be established.

The foundation process at a glance

Here is an overview of all the steps up to the official, externally effective formation of your corporation:

• Phase 1 – Establishment in the internal relationship
  • Adoption of the Articles of Association (certified by a notary)
  • Share acquisition
  • Appointment of the AG bodies (notarized)
  • Appointment of the auditor, if applicable
  • Payment of deposits (min. 1/4 share capital)
• Phase 2 – External incorporation
  • Application for registration
  • Submission of documents & records
  • Assessment by the registry court
  • Entry in the register of companies

Entry in the Commercial Register: The most important applications for AG founders

The internal relationship determines the beginning of the company as the date contractually agreed between the shareholders. In the external relationship, however, the formation of the AG is dated on the first action on behalf of the company, i.e. at the latest with the binding entry in the commercial register. Registration costs you on average around 200 to 300 euros and is usually carried out by a notary.

As you are registered in the commercial register as a shareholder of an AG, you can officially trade under a company name – just like a shareholder of a GmbH. This means that your company has a company name, i.e. an official name, which you can freely design together with the other shareholders. It doesn’t matter whether it’s a personal company, a real company, a fancy company or a mixed company… As long as the name is in line with the prohibition of misleading people and bears the suffix “AG”, almost anything is allowed.

Tax ID, Trade Licensing Office, Articles of Association & Notary Public

You will first receive a tax identification number – tax ID for short – from your local tax office, which serves as a basic prerequisite for all other formalities and applications. The registration of your AG as a company or commercial enterprise is carried out by the Trade Licensing Office for a processing fee of approximately 10 to 65 euros.

According to the law, there is no obligation to make additional contributions for stock corporations, in contrast to cooperatives with and without limited liability, just as there is for general partnerships (Offene Handelsgesellschaften, OHG) or limited partnerships (Kommanditgesellschaften, KG). In the case of shares with restricted transferability, however, it is possible to stipulate in the articles of association that the shareholders are to make recurring payments – excluding cash payments. The precise ancillary obligations of shareholders are explained in the German Stock Corporation Act (AktG).

Excerpt from the law – § 55 AktG:

(1) If the transfer of shares is subject to the consent of the company, the articles of association may impose on shareholders the obligation to make recurring non-cash contributions in addition to the contributions to the share capital. In doing so, they must determine whether the payments are to be made against payment or free of charge. The obligation and the scope of the benefits shall be stated in the shares and interim certificates.
(2. The statutes may lay down contractual penalties in the event of failure to fulfil the obligation or failure to fulfil it properly.

Excerpt from the law – § 180 AktG:

(1) A resolution imposing ancillary obligations on shareholders shall require the consent of all shareholders concerned in order to be effective.

(2) The same shall apply to a resolution by which the transfer of registered shares or interim certificates is made subject to the consent of the Company.

Equity capital: 50,000 Euro Share capital & reserves

The share capital of a joint-stock company is called capital stock, because it forms the basis for the equity capital of the joint-stock company. The share capital is defined as the sum of all contributions and is given the term “subscribed capital” in the balance sheet. A prerequisite for registration in the commercial register is the payment of the required share capital of at least 50,000 euros into the business account. This means that twice as much share capital is required for the formation of a public limited company as for the formation of a private limited company, where 25,000 euros is sufficient as share capital. A return of the share capital to the shareholders is not permitted.

Excerpt from the law – § 57 AktG:

(1) Shareholders may not be repaid their contributions. The payment of the purchase price in the case of a permissible acquisition of treasury shares shall not be deemed to be a return. Sentence 1 shall not apply in the case of payments which are made in the event of the existence of a control or profit and loss transfer agreement (§ 291) or which are covered by a fully-fledged claim for consideration or restitution against the shareholder. Sentence 1 also does not apply to the return of a shareholder loan and payments on receivables from legal acts that correspond economically to a shareholder loan.
(2) Interest may neither be promised nor paid to shareholders.
(3) Prior to the dissolution of the Company, only the distributable profit may be distributed among the shareholders.

The second pillar of equity is the capital reserves. This includes all amounts that are added to equity, for example by means of a premium – alternative designation: issue premium or premium – i.e. the amount by which securities are priced above their nominal value. If shares are issued, the premium must be allocated to the capital reserves and thus contributes to the equity capital shown in the balance sheet. In addition, there are the revenue reserves, which are made up of the statutory reserves, the reserves under the articles of association and other reserves.

Caution: Reserves and provisions are not the same thing: Reserves are amounts of money that are saved for security or emergencies. Reserves, on the other hand, represent future liabilities and therefore do not count as equity under any circumstances!

Dividend & Reserve Accumulation

The distribution of profits takes place differently in the joint-stock company Kraft legal form than in other forms of corporate law. As a share trading business, the shares are understood as profit shares, whereby one share corresponds exactly to one profit share. The shareholders of an AG therefore also do not receive a profit distribution, as is the case with the general partnership (OHG), the limited partnership (KG) and optionally also the limited liability company (GmbH), they rather receive so-called dividends. The distribution of dividends is decided by the general meeting.

In addition, the German Stock Corporation Act (AktG) requires stock corporations to form legal reserves until ten percent of the share capital is reached. For this purpose, five percent of the net income for the year is added to the statutory reserves each year – after adjustment of the net income for any losses carried forward from previous years. The same applies to the capital reserve, where contributions must also be made until the ten percent mark is reached.

Other revenue reserves are possible within the framework of the adoption of the annual financial statements by the Management Board and Supervisory Board. The allocation may amount to a maximum of half of the net income for the year; higher amounts are only permitted if the Articles of Association allow this. Further contributions may be made to the reserve if a corresponding resolution has been passed at the Annual General Meeting.

AG Organs: Management Board, Supervisory Board & Annual General Meeting

A joint stock company consists of several organs. These bodies are divided into:

1. The Board,
2. The Supervisory Board and
3. Annual General Meeting.

The Management Board deals with the day-to-day business and other matters of the company and represents the stock corporation externally. The Supervisory Board is a legally prescribed self-monitoring body that appoints and monitors the individual members of the Management Board and, in case of doubt, also removes them. Furthermore, it is responsible for the written reporting of the annual financial statements as well as for annual reports. The Annual General Meeting acts as the decision-making body of the stock corporation.

Liability of an AG – internal relationship & external relationship

In the event of a loss, the stock corporation as a legal entity under private law is, to a certain extent, subject to a limitation of liability, because the liability burdens – with a few rare exceptions – exclusively the business assets of the company. In the external relationship, therefore, only the share capital is liable for any losses. In the internal relationship, however, the liability claim can vary depending on the governing body of the AG.

• Liability in the external relationship with the AG: through share capital
• Liability in the internal relationship with the AG: by the executive bodies

If you want to know in detail how a limitation of liability for shareholders, management board and supervisory board affects the internal relationship, read more here:

• Limitation of liability for AG bodies

Advantages: Limitation of liability, financial independence & Co

After presenting the typical features of a public limited company, you have certainly already recognised the advantages that this legal form offers you: The high initial capital also makes the AG a reputable legal form, which can be an advantage especially in matters of company financing. Financial institutions are therefore often willing to issue good loans and business partners and customers gain more security due to the good credit rating.

At the same time, the financial risk remains relatively low, as the liability claims are limited to the share capital and the AG shareholders cannot be held liable externally with their private assets. Plus: As a listed legal form, stock corporations are financially independent through the IPO.

• Respected legal form
• High credit rating
• More security for banks, business partners & customers
• Low financial risk due to limitation of liability
• Financial independence through IPO

Disadvantages: Share capital, formal incorporation & GewSt

The disadvantages that the formation of an AG can bring with it are also quickly located: On the one hand, the high share capital of at least 50,000 euros is an obvious problem for many start-ups. Also the social adhesion measures itself accordingly on at least 50,000 euro. The foundation may not take place informally, but is subject to extensive formalities and specifications. Banks can easily leverage the exemption from liability if, despite high creditworthiness, they aim for a directly enforceable guarantee from the shareholders. Last but not least, the AG is subject to trade tax and, depending on the purpose of the company and how it is handled, has to pay further taxes.

• High share capital required
• Liability based on share capital
• No informal incorporation
• Banks may require directly enforceable guarantees
• High trade tax levies

Evaluation: Low-risk legal form for large companies

After comparing the advantages and disadvantages, it becomes clear that the formation process is significantly more complex and extensive than is the case, for example, with a civil law partnership (GbR) or even a limited liability company (GmbH). In addition to the formal formation, the appointment of the individual bodies of an AG is also obligatory and the formation process as a whole is very time-consuming. It is rather difficult for small to medium-sized companies to raise the necessary share capital. For larger companies, however, the legal form of an AG may be a good option for expanding and gaining an international foothold.

A public limited company makes particular sense if business projects are planned that are exposed to a high level of risk, as the shareholders can protect themselves well through limitations of liability in the external relationship and optionally also in the internal relationship and their private assets remain unaffected. Fast-growing companies can also benefit from the formation of an AG.

Immobilien AG: Holding, trading, managing, letting

You don’t think the idea of an AG is bad at all and are now asking yourself how you can combine your capital company with the real estate business? A real estate company is a company that serves the financing, development, realization, leasing or marketing of real estate – starting with a single property up to a real estate portfolio in the three- or multi-digit range. The management of real estate property or third-party real estate on behalf of third parties can also be handled by a real estate company.

• Real Estate AG / REIT-AG

Taxes for AG shareholders: corporate income tax, trade tax, VAT, capital tax & income tax

As a shareholder of a public limited company, you need to know about some types of tax, because when you set up your company, you receive income from your business and must of course also pay tax on this. In accordance with tax law, sales tax must therefore naturally be paid, insofar as the AG does not only carry out tax-free sales. Profit distributions to the shareholders of an AG are also subject to capital gains tax – for natural persons in the company, income tax is of course also due.

The following applies to all corporations: They are subject to corporate income tax. The payment of trade tax is also obligatory for an AG, even if all founding members were freelancers, because by virtue of its legal form it is always regarded as a commercial enterprise.

• Corporate income tax (KSt)
• Income tax (ESt)
• Capital gains tax (KapESt)
• Value added tax (VAT)
• Trade tax (GewSt)

Here’s the entire list:

• Taxes in Germany

Attention: As already mentioned, the obligation to pay corporation tax and trade tax does not apply to REIT real estate companies as soon as the real estate company fulfils the legal requirements!

You can find out what taxes you can expect with a real estate corporation here:

• Save taxes on real estate

Conclusion: Public limited company – For whom is it worthwhile?

The formation of a public limited company requires a large amount of capital and an equally large amount of administrative work. For this reason, an AG is more worthwhile for large companies which, on the one hand, have the corresponding financial resources and, on the other hand, are already characterised by a certain routine in business processes and legal issues. Start-ups with monetary reserves and real estate investors are given an attractive opportunity by an AG to realise their dreams and entrepreneurial goals.

In the real estate industry, stock corporations are a stable legal form for the purpose of real estate preservation, real estate management as well as trading with and brokering real estate portfolios. If you are already trading within the meaning of the REITG, you can expect significant tax benefits. Real estate stock corporations are worthwhile for a variety of people of different professions: From builders to financiers to real estate fund shareholders, the real estate corporation can contribute significantly to stable cash flow and capital growth.

Tip: Apart from the stock exchange, a public limited company without a stock exchange listing is particularly suitable for families to jointly manage existing real estate portfolios.

Comparison: Sole proprietorship, one-man GmbH, small AG or entrepreneurial company?

If you plan to set up your business on your own, you can choose between different legal forms of business: On the one hand, there is the classic sole proprietorship, in which you act as a freelancer or registered trader, or set up a small business. Alternatively, you can choose between the one-man limited liability company and the entrepreneurial company – often referred to as a “mini-GmbH” – or set up a small public limited company.

You can find out more about the different legal forms for solo founders here:

• Sole proprietorship (EU)
• One-man limited liability company – see GmbH
• Entrepreneurial company / UG (limited liability)

Sole proprietorship & one-person GmbH

Basically, there is not much difference between the two legal forms of a sole proprietorship and a single-member company, because in both cases you are the sole shareholder with sole power of management and sole power of representation. However, the decisive difference arises in the form of the liability issue: As a registered businessman (e. Kfm.) or registered businesswoman (e. Kff.) you are liable without limitation, directly and jointly and severally – as the sole shareholder of a one-person GmbH, on the other hand, you are liable exclusively for the business up to the amount of the capital contribution you have made.

Are you a sole proprietor yourself and no longer want to bear the enormous liability risk? Then you should think about converting your sole proprietorship into a one-person limited liability company. The change of form is easily accomplished, but can make a huge difference in case of losses! In order to avoid personal liability, as part of the registered traders (e. K.) you only need a notarial certificate confirming a value of at least 25,000 euros for your business and submit this to the commercial register together with the opening balance sheet. The sole proprietorship is practically brought into the GmbH as a contribution in kind.

Entrepreneurial company & small public limited company

Alternatively, you can consider setting up an entrepreneurial company (UG). Often referred to as a “small GmbH” or “mini-GmbH”, this legal form of company is a sub-form of the conventional limited liability company, but unlike the “normal” GmbH, it only requires a single euro as share capital. It is therefore particularly attractive for solo founders who do not have 25,500 euros in their bank account. Without the share capital of a GmbH, however, your image with the banks could be lower and your chances of getting a good loan could decrease.

The so-called “small AG” is primarily intended for individual shareholders who wish to keep their public limited company within a small group of people. Apart from the individual shareholder, who also equally assumes the role of the management board, only three other persons are required to be appointed as supervisory board members. However, the formation of a public limited company, regardless of its size, is very time-consuming and more cost-intensive than the other common forms of corporate law. Therefore, a one-person limited liability company or an entrepreneurial company may be more suitable if you intend to found your company on your own. Alternatively, you might also consider setting up a sole proprietorship.

AG: Special case real estate and more

1. Real estate stock corporation (REIT-AG)
2. Real estate shares: List of companies
3. Legal forms: List

Real estate stock corporation (REIT-AG)

Real estate stock corporation / REIT-AG – You don’t find the idea of a stock corporation bad at all and are now wondering how you can combine your capital company with the real estate industry? A real estate company is a company that serves the financing, development, realization, leasing, or marketing of real estate – starting with a single property up to a real estate portfolio in the three or multi-digit range. The management of real estate property or third-party real estate on behalf of third parties can also be handled by a real estate company.

• Real estate stock corporation (REIT-AG)

Real estate shares: List of companies

Real Estate Shares – Not everyone can afford real estate as a capital investment. Through real estate shares, however, everyone can participate in the real estate market and invest money. The share prices of the big players are rising year after year. Vonovia, Deutsche Wohnen, Dream Global, CBRE and Patrizia are a few of the best known active companies in Germany. In addition, there are more than 25 other companies. We have an overview of the most popular real estate stocks for you as an investor. But first a look at the risks of a stock, the stock market, for beginners and beginners. Now to the list and more on the real estate market, your investment options and all prices at a glance, here in the article on real estate stocks.

• Real Estate Stocks

Legal forms in Germany

Legal forms – What types of company are there? If you want to start your first company, then choosing the ideal legal form is one of the first steps in the process of setting up a company. Whether it’s a special real estate company or a start-up, I’ve summarized all the types of companies in Germany for you here.

• Legal forms: List

Company types in detail:

• Sole proprietorship
• Registered businessman / registered businesswoman (e. K.)
• Civil law partnership (GbR)
• General partnership (OHG)
• Limited partnership (KG)
• Entrepreneurial company (UG)
• GmbH: Limited liability company
• Real estate GmbH / Asset management GmbH
• Real estate stock corporation (REIT-AG)
• Societas Europaea (SE)
• Foundation / Family Foundation

One-person limited liability company: corporation for 1 person

The formation of a limited liability company requires at least one person. One-person companies tend to be the exception, but from a purely legal point of view, mono-corporate one-person companies are certainly permissible in the case of the GmbH as well as the Aktiengesellschaft (AG). In the case of a limited liability company, the term “one-person GmbH” – alternatively also “one-man GmbH” or “Einmann-GmbH” – is often used.

Other GmbH models with special features:

• Two-person limited liability company
• No-Person-GmbH

Emergence of solo founders – self-decision, exit & e. K.

The one-person GmbH can come into being in three ways: Either you consciously decide to become a solo founder, or you were originally in a two-person GmbH or multi-person GmbH and have been reduced to a one-person company by the withdrawal of the other shareholder(s). Alternatively, you are a registered trader and have the necessary share capital to change your legal form to a one-person GmbH.

Tip: If you basically do not want to manage your GmbH alone and divide the capital burden among several heads, but still want to decide alone on the structure and wording of the articles of association, you can form a one-man GmbH in the first step and take on any number of additional shareholders in the second step. The decisions you make in the pre-incorporation phase then automatically apply to the new shareholders as well.

Special features of the one-person GmbH: § 181 BGB and § 3 GmbHG

With a one-man limited liability company, you are automatically the sole shareholder and take the position of managing director. You also participate in the shareholders’ meetings in a so-called personal union. Apart from that, the same rules and laws apply to you as to companies with several shareholders. This also means that you must form all the corporate bodies prescribed for a GmbH – for example, the supervisory board. For this reason, it is particularly important that as sole managing director of a single-member company, you exempt yourself from the single standard “insichgeschäft” (section 181, see above) laid down in the German Civil Code.

In the case of a one-person GmbH, the shareholders’ agreement does not have to be notarised prior to registration in the commercial register and is therefore usually quite short, taking into account the minimum content required by the Limited Liability Companies Act (GmbHG). However, you need a non-receivable unilateral declaration of intent to complete your registration, and this in turn must be certified by a notary.

Excerpt from the law – § 3 GmbHG:

(1) The memorandum and articles of association shall contain:

1. The company name and registered office,
2. The object of the company,
3. The amount of the share capital,
4. The number and nominal amounts of the shares that each shareholder takes over in return for a contribution to the share capital (nominal contribution).

(2) If the company is to be limited for a certain period of time or if other obligations towards the company are to be imposed on the shareholders in addition to the payment of capital contributions, these provisions must also be included in the company statutes.

Establish a GmbH: Legal form and alternatives

1. No-person GmbH: inheritance, gift, termination
2. Two-person GmbH: Founder Duo
3. Limited liability company (GmbH)
4. Special case: Real estate GmbH
5. Legal forms: List

No-person GmbH: inheritance, gift, termination

No-Person GmbH – The model for a GmbH without shareholders! By appointing new shareholders or leaving existing shareholders, the limited company model you choose can easily change. Whether it’s a one-person company, a two-person limited company or even a company that operates without shareholders at all…. In each case, there are specifics that you should be aware of as they deviate from the norm of the traditional limited liability company.

• No-Person-GmbH

Two-person GmbH: Founder Duo

Two-person GmbH – The GmbH model for founding duos! By appointing new shareholders or leaving existing shareholders, the GmbH model you choose can easily change. Whether it is a one-person company, a two-person GmbH or even a company that operates without any shareholders at all… In each case, there are specifics you should be aware of as they deviate from the norm of the traditional limited liability company.

• Two-person limited liability company

Limited liability company (GmbH)

Limited Liability Company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, GmbH) – The limited liability company is a German legal form that is founded by at least one person and managed by at least one shareholder. As the name already indicates, this corporate legal form is characterized by a limitation of liability for its shareholder(s).

• Limited liability company (GmbH)

Special case: Real estate GmbH

Immobilien GmbH / Vermögensverwaltende GmbH / Immobiliengesellschaft – In this article you will learn the basics about real estate companies. Who would think of founding a limited liability company when buying a house or a condominium? Admittedly, this makes no sense for owner-occupation, but it does for renting.

• Real estate company

Here you will find all the legal forms that can be chosen as a founder in Germany and a guide with a checklist:

Legal forms: List

Legal forms – What types of company are there? If you want to start your first company, then choosing the ideal legal form is one of the first steps in the process of setting up a company. Whether it’s a special real estate company or a start-up, I’ve summarized all the types of companies in Germany for you here.

• Legal forms: List

Las Vegas: Real Estate Investment in Nevada

The desert city, may be famous for casinos and parties, but it offers much more. Thanks to years of strong economic growth, it has established itself as a true metropolis. With good schools, and real suburban life for families. Still, the city is dominated by its skyline and lively atmosphere.

What are Las Vegas’ Industries? Las Vegas Economy Explained

Although beginning with an agricultural industry, and many parts of the city actually relying on agricultural well into the 1980’s, Las Vegas is undoubtedly the casino capital of the world. Although proclaiming that its sectors are diversified, you will find that most cash in Las Vegas is in the service industry: hotels, restaurants, casinos, bars, etc. Meanwhile it does have a strong economy for tourism though, and also hosts conventions and trade shows. It is one of the cities with the fastest growing populations and employment opportunities.

• Service
• Finance
• Conventions
• Tourism

Where does Las Vegas Rank in Cost of Living – Is Vegas Expensive to Live?

In the cost of living index published by Numbeo, Las Vegas is ranked 79th (68.24), New York and San Francisco are miles ahead, taking spots 2 and 4 respectively. The average restaurant trip here will cost $15,00 and a loaf of bread $2,65. In addition to rent, which is on average $922-$1.200 (1 Bedroom apartment) or $1.600-$2.000 (3 Bedroom apartment), basic utilities for a month cost $166 and the average internet plan $77. This is all to be taken in relation to the average salary, which is $3.475 a month after tax. To see how LV stacks up against other big metropolises, take a look below:

• Hamilton, BE (147,00) – 1
• New York City, NY (100,00) – 2
• San Francisco, CA (94,17) – 4
• Los Angeles, CA (81,31) – 15
• Miami, FL (77,98) – 25
• Las Vegas, NV (68,24) – 79

Rent Index – How Expensive is Rent in Las Vegas?

The rent index tells you the relative price of rent. With many workers in this city passing through or only staying for a few years, rent can be an important thing to take a look at. Las Vegas has comparatively high rent, no surprise considering. Take a look at the ranking below, with rent index and position for North American cities:

• San Francisco, CA (116,48) – 1
• New York City, NY (100,00) – 2
• Los Angeles, CA (75,17) – 10
• Miami, FL (62,01) – 16
• Las Vegas, NV (38,99) – 64

Las Vegas – Strip Drone Flight

You’ve probably seen Las Vegas’ unbelievable skyline from countless movies like Ocean’s 11 or the Hangover. Here you can get a detailed look at all the beauty which this city offers.

Real Estate Investment: Luxury Las Vegas Venture

For many people it will come as a surprise that Las Vegas has a massive real estate market, with diverse options from the ultra-luxury condos in skyscrapers, but also suburban districts with great school systems and expansive parks.

Rent and Puchase Prices Las Vegas – Should I Rent or Buy in Las Vegas?

Las Vegas has always been a strong market to rent. This is unlikely to change, therefore, when moving to the city, it’s usually the best decision to rent an apartment. Nonetheless, mortgage rates, as in so many places are are extremely low, meaning despite limited supply driving prices up, the investment is not as large as one may think at first.

• Average Rent: $1.107
• Average Price: $2.419/m²

Where is Real Estate Most Expensive in Las Vegas?

If you are looking to invest and purchase capital, Meadows Village has purchase prices which are offset by very high rental income. Low prices can also be found in Pioneer Park, which gleams with a very livable atmosphere and low purchase prices. The median prices in different parts of Las Vegas below:

• North Las Vegas: $300.000 (increasing)
• West Las Vegas: $219.900 (increasing)
• East Las Vegas: $225.000 (increasing)

Las Vegas Real Estate Market Explained – Is Las Vegas a Seller’s Market?

Las Vegas is a seller’s market, meaning at the moment, those already owning property are at an advantage. Low unemployment, and good forecast for the city’s economic growth, mean that many people are looking to make long-term investments in the form of real estate. Throughout all of Las Vegas, the median price for a residential is $320.000. Median prices differ from other cities for the different types of real estate. Median listing prices:

• Single-family residence: $349.000
• Condos: $180.000
• Townhomes: $236.000

Most Expensive Neighbourhoods in Las Vegas – What is the Richest Part of Las Vegas?

The most expensive real estate in Las Vegas is found in Summerlin and Henderson. Although not strictly within city limits, it still counts as Las Vegas. The most expensive area in Las Vegas is the Ridges, a small community in Summerlin. Here you can expect to pay between $2 mil. and $7 mil. for a house. It is also the area in Las Vegas with most house sales >$1 mil, with the most expensive on the market at the time of writing being $30,4 mil. The full list of most expensive communities in Las Vegas below:

1. The Ridges: $2.000.000 – $7.000.000
2. Anthem Country Club: $1.200.000 – $4.400.000
3. Macdonald Highlands: $1.000.000 – $4.200.000
4. Southern Highlands Country Club: $1.000.000 – $3.000.000
5. Seven Hills: $1.000.000 – $2.700.000

Las Vegas Taxes – Property Taxes, Income Tax

If you live in Las Vegas you’ll likely need to pay taxes here. As it is not one of the USA’s top tax havens, this may also be more expensive than you’d like. Let us take a closer look at what Nevada and Las Vegas will make you pay.

Las Vegas Tax Rates – Do you pay Income Tax in Las Vegas?

The state of Nevada has no income tax, so no you don’t pay any income tax in Las Vegas! Also, Las Vegas has no corporate tax, no inventory tax, and no franchise tax! Although there are taxe son sales, with a sales tax being 6,85%. for large businesses, the city of San Francisco has an additional tax for expenses of large businesses. This is a 1,5% gross receipts tax on payroll expenses. Additionally, in San Francisco there is a total sales tax of a massive 8,5%.

• Income Tax: 0%
• Sales Tax: 6,85%

Las Vegas Property Tax Rates – Nevada Rankings

In addition to not having income tax, Nevada also has comfortably low property tax rates. In Nevada, the average rate of property tax is 0,66%. Each county has their own regulations and expenses, therefore it is important to also look at the amount you will pay in Clark County: 0,65%. This is quite low compared to Los Angeles at 0,75% or New York property taxes at 0,86%.

• Avg. US Property Tax – 1,1%
• Avg. Nevada Property Tax – 0,77%
• Las Vegas Property Tax – 0,66%
• Clark County – 0,65%

Safest Neighborhoods in Las Vegas – Lowest Crime Rates

What are the safest areas in Las Vegas? We’ve taken a look at the crime rates, and found that a few neighborhoods stand out amonf the rest. The safest area is certainly Alta Drive / S Art Boulevard, which is coincidentally also the area in America with the highest proportion of eastern european and lebanese ancestry in the country! Take a look at the full ranking below!

1. Alta Dr / S art Blvd
2. Farm Rd / N Tenaya Way
3. W Desert Inn Rd / Ridge Hollow Dr
4. Anasazi Dr / Thomas W Ryan Blvd
5. Kyle Canyon Rd / Sheep Mountain Rd
6. W Craig Rd / N El Capitan Way
7. Anasazi Dr / W Lake Mead Blvd
8. N Town Center Dr / Canyon Run Dr
9. Racel St / Maverick St
10. N Torrey Pines Dr / Grand Teton Dr

Top Las Vegas Districts – What is the Best Neighborhood to Live in Las Vegas?

There are too many neighborhoods to remember. Here we present the most important, hottest, and up-and-coming neighborhoods to keep in mind. If you’re looking to buy real estate in Las Vegas, these are where to look. They are home to some of the most interesting and luxurious real estate in North America. Our top Las Vegas neighborhoods for real estate are:

1. Whitney Ranch
2. The Strip
3. Arts Distrcit
4. University District
5. Summerlin
6. Rancho Charleston

Whitney Ranch – Mediterranean Luxury

Whitney Ranch is the place to go if you want a clean, suburban lifestyle with high-life luxury and proximity to the strip. You’re also close to the airport, and the best shopping in the city (in Henderson). Also, a low crime rate which is lower than most Nevada’s cities, and restaurants, recreation and high-grade bars. Houses here are in the mediterranean style to really make the most of the warm climate!

The Strip – Lively, Exclusive City-Life

You already knew that this was going to be on the list. The strip is arguably one of the most famous neighborhoods in the whole country. Home to twenty-something casinos, some of the best and biggest bars in the world, and the world’s best restaurants. What’s really the pull here though, is that there is always something going on. It’s also become more touristic with passing time, but compared to downtown, is definitely the more genuine of the two hotspots.

Arts District – Hip and Trendy Las Vegas

This area has also been dubbed “18b” because of the 18 city blocks it occupies. It has hundreds of art galeries, has great restaurants and boutique shopping opportunities, and is likely the better choice for more cultured visitors to the city. This is the place to move if you want a taste of the free-flowing excess of Las Vegas, with a bit more taste and elegance than you would perhaps find on the strip or downtown.

University District – A Bit More Normal

In the midst of the University District you will find the University of Las Vegas just steps from the Strip. Don’t forget to take a look at the desert garden, the tree-lined walkways to art galeries, popular tattoo stores, trendy coffee shops, natural history museum. Although originating as a college neighborhood, this part of town, as so many student districts, has morphed into a swanky area where everyone can hang out.

Summerlin – Masterpiece of Suburban Life

When people move to Las Vegas with their families and want to mimic the familiar suburban life, they are often drawn to this Master-planned community. It is home to some of the biggest and must regal real estate in the city. It is also an area with good schools, recreation opportunities and more. Summerlin is home to many of the city’s biggest names and is where common families send their children to school, do their shopping, and spend the weekend in the park. Most communities here are gated, like the one seen below.

Rancho Charleston – Best of Both Worlds

So you want the comfort and safety of a suburban lifestyle, without the bore? Still want to go out on the weekend without taking a 1.5-hour cab ride? Rancho Charleston is the place for you then. It is in immediate proximity to the loud areas (Strip, Downtown, Arts District), but also safe. This is the place for young families or singles looking to buy their first home.